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Phosphorus is among the main limiting nutrients for plant growth and productivity in both agricultural and natural ecosystems in the tropics, which are characterized by weathered soil. Soil bioavailable P measurement is necessary to predict the potential growth of plant biomass in these ecosystems. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) is widely used to predict soil chemical and biological parameters as an alternative to time-consuming conventional laboratory analyses. However, quantitative spectroscopic prediction of soil P remains a challenge owing to the difficulty of direct detection of orthophosphate. This study tested the performance of Vis-NIRS with partial least square regression to predict oxalate-extractable P (Pox) content, representing available P for plants in natural (forest and non-forest including fallows and degraded land) and cultivated (upland and flooded rice fields) soils in Madagascar. Model predictive accuracy was assessed based on the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and the residual predictive deviation (RPD). The results demonstrated successful Pox prediction accuracy in natural (n = 74, R² = 0.90, RMSECV = 2.39, and RPD = 3.22), and cultivated systems (n = 142, R² = 0.90, RMSECV = 48.57, and RPD = 3.15) and moderate usefulness at the regional scale incorporating both system types (R² = 0.70, RMSECV = 71.87 and RPD = 1.81). These results were also confirmed with modified bootstrap procedures (N = 10,000 times) using selected wavebands on iterative stepwise elimination–partial least square (ISE–PLS) models. The wavebands relevant to soil organic matter content and Fe content were identified as important components for the prediction of soil Pox. This predictive accuracy for the cultivated system was related to the variability of some samples with high Pox values. However, the use of “pseudo-independent” validation can overestimate the prediction accuracy when applied at site scale suggesting the use of larger and dispersed geographical cover sample sets to build a robust model. Our study offers new opportunities for P quantification in a wide range of ecosystems in the tropics.

Résumé -L'agriculture climato-intelligente (Climate Smart Agriculture) vise à lutter contre le changement climatique et à s'y adapter tout en combattant l'insécurité alimentaire. À Madagascar, différentes pratiques agricoles ont été testées depuis une vingtaine d'années par des organisations non gouvernementales et des institutions de recherche afin d'accroître les rendements, maintenir la fertilité des sols et augmenter les revenus des ménages. Ces pratiques sont l'agriculture de conservation, l'agroforesterie et l'utilisation d'intrants ou d'amendements organiques comme le compost ou le fumier. Cette étude a pour objet de documenter les impacts de quelques pratiques d'agriculture climato-intelligente sur le stockage du carbone dans le sol. Les résultats montrent que le stock de carbone des sols varie fortement d'une pratique à l'autre. Pour l'agriculture de conservation, la différence de stock varie de 0 à 1,82 Mg C ha À1 an À1 par rapport à la pratique traditionnelle (labour et exportation des résidus). Pour l'agroforesterie, la différence de stock entre des systèmes rizicoles sous girofliers et des pratiques de riziculture sur brûlis est de 0,68 Mg C ha À1 an À1 . L'utilisation d'apports organiques comme le fumier, le compost ou les déchets urbains a induit des augmentations de carbone du sol de 0,16, 0,81 et 0,42 Mg C ha À1 an À1 , mais les effets de ces apports organiques ne sont pas significatifs du fait de la très grande variabilité inter-parcellaire des stocks mesurés. Les pratiques d'agriculture climato-intelligente permettent ainsi d'augmenter la teneur en carbone du sol et ont donc des potentiels d'atténuation du changement climatique, mais ce potentiel est très variable selon la pratique considérée. Un éventuel impact à l'échelle du pays dépendra de l'étendue de l'adoption de ces différentes pratiques.Mots-clés : adaptation / atténuation / changement climatique / matière organique / séquestration du carbone / Madagascar Abstract -Climate smart agriculture impact on soil organic carbon stocks in Madagascar. Climate smart agriculture is presented as a solution to alleviate food insecurity, mitigate climate change and contribute to climate change adaptation. In Madagascar, different sustainable agricultural practices were implemented in the last 20 years by many non-governmental organizations in order to increase crop yields, maintain soil fertility and increase household income. These practices are conservation agriculture, agroforestry systems and the use of organic fertilizers as compost and manure. This study aimed to compare the soil organic carbon storage of some climate smart practices in the Malagasy context. The soil organic carbon stock of each practice, distributed in several sites among the island, was measured and compared with the traditional practices of each study site. For conservation agriculture, the differences in the soil organic carbon content varied from 0 to 1.82 Mg C.ha À1 year À1 when compared with traditional practices (tillage and crop residues exported). For agroforestry, a...