Bulk-tapped densitometer, desiccator, Differential Scanning Calorimetry Perkin Elmer, Flowmeter, Hot plate, filter paper, krusibel, oven, sieving, pH meter, Particle Size Analyzer, FT-IR spectrophotometer Hitachi 270-50, furnaces, analytical balance (Acculab), XRD D8 Advanc A25 Bruker, SeM JEOL JSM-6510 series ,waterbath, pipette volume and other glass tools commonly used in the Laboratory. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries especially in the manufacture of tablet. Dendrocalamus asper (Betung Bamboo) contains high cellulose content at approximately 44.94% and it has potential as raw material of microcrystalline cellulose. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain microcrystalline cellulose powder from betung bamboo and it's physicochemical properties. Methods: The steps to produce microcrystalline cellulose were extraction with n-Hexane: Ethanol (2:1), isolation of alpha cellulose, and acid hydrolysis of alpha cellulose to MCC. The purity of microcrystalline cellulose obtained was identified by infrared spectrophotometry and melting point determination. Other characteristics such as x-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, pH, ash content, moisture content, loss on drying, flow rate, density, scanning electron microscope, and angle of repose were also determined and compared to Avicel PH 101. Results: The Infra-red spectrum obtained were similar to reference Avicel PH 101. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and less white compared to reference, particle size distribution 1117.4 nm, pH 6.88, ash contents ± 0.0584%, moisture content 36%, loss on drying 4.59%. Density, flow rate and angle of repose fulfilled the requirements based on the literature. Conclusion: There is a similarity characteristic of MCC obtained and reference. So, there is a possibility for its use as excipient in the future by doing the application studies in food and pharmacy.

Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass available on earth, including wood and agricultural wastes such as rice straw, corn cobs, and oil palm empty bunches. The biopolymer content in lignocellulose has a great potential as feedstock for producing industrial raw materials such as glucose, sorbitol, xylose, xylitol, and other pharmaceutical excipients. Currently, scientists and governments agree that the enzymatic delignification method is an environmentally friendly green method to be applied. This review attempts to explain the proper preparation of the enzymes laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, as well as the important factors influencing their activity. The recent applications of the enzymes for detoxification of hazardous substances, proper enzyme immobilization technique, and future prospect combination with DESs extraction of lignin are also discussed.

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is one of the cellulose derivatives widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient in the manufacture of tablets. Unfortunately, most of these filler materials are still largely imported. On the other hand, Indonesia has huge potential to generate microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural waste or weeds such as oil palm empty fruit bunch and water hyacinth. The purpose of this study was to find a potential cellulolytic mold and raw material for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis. Method: The potential cellulolytic mold was obtained from rotted oil palm trunk, and alpha cellulose was prepared by digesting raw material powder by the alkaline condition. Cellulase enzymes are obtained through extraction from the cellulolytic mold and used to treat alpha cellulose at a concentration of 2, 6 and 10 % v/v, respectively. Then, the resulted microcrystalline cellulose was identified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and compared with reference Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed that crude enzyme of isolated mold has better activity than

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Abstract. Septiani D, Suryadi H, Mun’im A, Mangunwardoyo W. 2019. Production of cellulase from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei mixed culture in carboxymethylcellulose medium as sole carbon. Biodiversitas 20: 3539-3544. Cellulase is one of hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are promising to be applied in natural products which may improve the yield of bioactive in plant extract through cellulose depolymerization. Cellulases from mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei can produce a high cellulase activity because of the synergism activity among endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and also β-glucoside. Cellulase production and partial purification of monoculture and mixed culture (1:1) of these fungi on carboxymethylcellulose media were investigated in this study. Total cellulase activity was measured by filter paper assay followed by protein estimation with Bradford method. The crude extract of Aspergillus niger monoculture has the highest cellulase activity (0.131 U/mL, P<005) followed by mixed culture (0.109 U/mL) and Trichoderma reesei (0.106 U/mL). The cellulase activity of partially purified cellulase from mixed culture significantly increased (0.335, 0.348, 0.374 U/mL, P<0.05) compared to crude extract along with stepwise addition of ammonium sulfate. Cellulase activity of mixed culture at 80% ammonium sulfate increase up to 2.238-fold and showed highest value (P<0.05) compared to monocultures. In conclusion, combination of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei fungi in carboxymethyl cellulose media followed by 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation can be a promising cellulase production with high cellulase activity.