Among 35 species of genus Helicobacter, H. pylori is the most common causative agent of human gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The infection can spread through direct human-to-human contact, fecal–oral route, and contaminated water. The study was designed to investigate the rate of prevalence of H. pylori in the population of Dhamar, Yemen. In this one-year study, 460 including 250 male and 210 female stool specimens were collected between January to December 2020 in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. Of the total 460, 215 rural (male: n = 120 and female: n = 95) and 245 urban (male: n = 130 and female: n = 115) specimens were investigated for identification of H. pylori by serological test using Helicobacter pylori stool antigen (HpSA) test. In addition, for comparing an improved recovery of H. pylori, conventional culture-based isolation was also carried out using three selective media. Modified Campy-blood Agar (MCA), Belo Horizonte Agar (BHA), and Egg yolk Emulsion (EYE) medium supplemented with antimicrobial agents including vancomycin (10 mg/L), cefsulodin (5 mg/L), trimethoprim (5 mg/L), and amphotericin B (5 mg/L) and isolates were phenotypically characterized. The HpSA test results revealed that of the total 460 specimens, 89 (19.3%) were positive for H. pylori with relatively low in male (n = 43; 17.2%) as compared to the female (n = 46; 21.9%) specimens. After 3–10 days of incubation, H. pylori was recovered at a variable rate on each selective (MCA: 16.5%; BHA: 15.0%; EYE: 13.0%) media. However, culture-based assay results showed less recovery (n = 81; 17.6%) with no significant difference among all selective media tested and between genders (male: n = 39; 15.6%; female: n = 42; 20.0%). The infection rate was comparatively higher in rural (n = 45; 20.9%) as compared to urban (n = 36; 14.7%) population. Overall, the study data showed the prevalence of infection in both genders of all age groups. The present study showed a relatively high rate of infection of H. pylori in the Dhamar population. The serological identification and culture-based methods are important for rapid detection, aid in treatment, and developing policies for the control and eradication of H. pylori infection and to prevent the disease in different age groups in Yemen.

Milk is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and other vital nutrients. Potassium, B12, vitamin D, and calcium are nutrients that are lacking in many foods. Milk is also a rich source of magnesium, zinc, vitamin A, and thiamine (B1). In addition to lactose and fat, milk is an excellent source of protein and contains numerous fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids. The primary sources of pathogens in milk and dairy products are animals, human handlers, equipment in contact, environmental sources, and water used in preparation. However, milk borne diseases, since early time, played a principal role in public health. This chapter is divided into the following parts: mammary Glands, the phases of mammary gland secretion after birth, nutritive value of colostrum, nutritive value of milk, major sources of milk contamination, milk-borne diseases, techniques used in milk preservation, milk testing and quality control, prevention of milk-borne diseases, and conclusions.

The presence of antimicrobial residues (AMRs) in meat is considered a serious threat to public health in the twenty-first century. This work aims at addressing the problem of AMRs in meat regarding their sources, negative effects, detection tests, and prevention and control practices. The health risks associated with such residues include direct toxicity, drug allergy, hypersensitive reactions, and the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Moreover, disturbance of gut microbiota and bone marrow disorders are also direct consequences of continuous exposure to small quantities of antimicrobial residues (AMRs). Due to long-term exposure to antibiotic residues during gestation, various congenital anomalies were also seen in newborn children. Carcinogenic impacts and mutagenic effects are other negative impacts of antibiotic residues on the food. Different practices are known to introduce AMRs into meat and meat products, such as misuse of chemotherapeutic medications, violating withdrawal periods, even with the proper administration of anti-infective agents, and usage of antibiotics as growth promoters and feed additives. The prevention of this problem requires multi-sector cooperation to restrict the improper use of antimicrobial drugs, standardize the rationale usage, and development of alternative chemicals or biologics for the purposes of preservation of meat products and as growth promoters for food-producing animals.