Recent years have seen the first uses of steel catenary risers with spread moored FPSOs for deep water field developments in West Africa. Acergy have been in charge of the design and installation of more than 20 Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) on FPSOs in this area. The design, fabrication and installation of these risers have required many significant challenges to be overcome for the first time. Innovative solutions have been developed and implemented to overcome these challenges particularly in the areas of design, welding and installation. This paper presents some of these challenges and solutions with the applications of SCRs attaching to mono-hull floating production units. Strength and fatigue analysis, on bottom stability, interface with the FPSO, and fabrication issues are described in detail. Lessons learnt from previous projects as well as results of new developments /1/ to extend the suitability of Steel Catenary Risers to deeper developments and to turret-moored FPSOs are also presented. Introduction A steel catenary riser is a seemingly relatively simple system, when comparing to others, where the riser is in continuity with the flowline and is made up from welding a number of rigid steel pipe joints of standard length. The catenary riser is generally connected to a floating platform with a flexible joint, steel or Titanium stress joint to absorb the potentially large angular movement of the platform. The bottom end of the riser pipe rests on the seabed as a beam on elastic foundation. The main concerns for the design of steel catenary risers described in the following sections are:Interface management with the floater,Impact of as-built uncertainties on the static configuration of the riser,Dynamic behavior of the catenary riser,Welding requirements,Installation aids for the final transfer and pulling of the riser on the FPSO /2/. The last section presents some results of new analyses performed by Acergy to improve the dynamic behavior of SCR's with the aim of using them for turret moored FPSO's in West Africa. Interface with the floating vessel Design of the SCR is strongly linked with the characteristics of the floater. Main interfaces are:Location of the hang-off point alongside the hull,Flexible joints designed to sustain great temperaturesStiffness of the floater mooring system and maximum excursion,1st and 2nd order motions of the floater,maximum heel, yaw and pitch in extreme, damage and survival conditions,local structural detail design of hang-off supports and hull reinforcements,Integration of installation aids including transfer and pulling winches,Space and lifting equipment available for precommissioning activities. This list is not exhaustive and a huge number of pieces of information have to be exchanged all along the design phase of the SCR and of the floater /3/. Clear definition of all these needs and requests with associated schedule, open relationship between Contractors and support of the Company when necessary are the key drivers for success of the project. Some of the main lessons learnt are the following /4/:

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe Erha and Erha North field development in deepwater Nigeria consists of multiple subsea wells connected to a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO) via flowlines and steel catenary risers (SCRs). Processed crude oil is exported through an oil offloading system (OLS), consisting of a catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) buoy and dynamic offloading lines (OLLs).The SCRs were identified as a key technical issue due to high-fatigue performance requirements, especially under potential sour service conditions. In addition, the associated flexible joint performance in a relatively high-temperature environment also extended the design envelope for this critical component. Innovative clad overlay and clad welding technologies were developed within the Project timeframe and efficiently executed both onshore and offshore. A rigorous design and qualification effort, including the development of novel sour environment fatigue testing and ultrasonic inspection technologies, ensured system integrity.The OLS was also identified as a key technical challenge early in the Project. The innovative, U-shaped OLL design is a first in the industry. The OLLs presented performance challenges similar to those of the SCRs, but in addition, the complicated coupled buoy/mooring/OLL motion behavior posed a unique challenge for OLL fatigue design. A dedicated qualification and validation program was devised to confirm system integrity. The design and execution teams utilized new technology and lessons learned from past projects to ensure that the installed system would meet challenging acceptance criteria.This paper discusses challenging issues and resolutions for the SCR and OLL designs. The extensive qualification programs, including CALM buoy model tests, SCR cladding and welding qualification tests, and the flexible joint qualification, are also discussed.

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractAn overview of the major design and construction activities related to the turnkey delivery of a DeepDraft Semi TM hull and mooring system is presented. Activities overviewed include model test, global motions, steel catenary riser (SCR) analysis and design, hull engineering, topside main steel engineering, hull transport and completion. In addition, specific focus topics are identified that receive a more detailed presentation to include hull vortex induced motions, hull air gap during design hurricane events, effects of wave run-up during design hurricane events, topside-to-hull integration interface, multicable transits and shipyard safety program.

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