A 5-question risk assessment questionnaire completed by parents can be used to accurately identify risk factors associated with TB infection in children. In our population, some risk factors suggested by the American Academy of Pediatrics could not be validated. Parents cannot be relied on to read TST results accurately. Screening for TB can be enabled by using a standardized, validated questionnaire to identify children who should be given tuberculin skin testing.

A severe, local, inflammatory, late-phase reaction accompanied by skin necrosis occurred after an infant was given an intramuscular injection of recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine. The clinical course and appearance of the rash were typical of an Arthus reaction. Although not identical to this case, prior reported cases of complement-mediated reactions occurring after hepatitis B virus infection or vaccination provide theoretical support for this diagnosis.

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Background Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an autoimmune disorder affecting medium- and large sized arteries. The most common symptoms are related to ischemic cranial involvement. Nevertheless, asymptomatic aortic involvement may cause aneurysm and dissections[1]. Several studies in this issue had limitations regarding imaging methods and matched control groups. Objectives To evaluate aortic diameters in a cohort of GCA patients and a matched control group by CT-angiography (CTA) as a uniform imaging method. Furthermore, to detect the prevalence of aortic aneurysms, defined as an aortic diameter >50mm or local widening >50%, and a body surface area (BSA) adjusted aortic diameter above the 95th percentile. Methods All patients with diagnosed GCA at least two years prior to enrolment underwent CTA of the thoracal and abdominal aorta. Patients without a rheumatic disease, who underwent thoracal and abdominal CT for other reasons (i.e. infection, cancer) participated in the age matched control group. A quotient of aortic diameters and BSA was calculated [2]. The study was approved by the local ethics committee, written informed consent was obtained. Results 128 Patients with GCA (99 female) and 111 subjects of the control group were included. Mean age of GCA patients was 74.0 ± 7.8 years, included 73 ± 117 months after GCA diagnosis. Mean thoracic aortic diameters [values/m² BSA] were 34.66 ± 4.59mm [19.89 ± 3.02mm/m²], 28.20 ± 3.50mm [16.17 ± 2.30mm/m² BSA] and 25.83 ± 3.17mm [14.82 ± 2.21mm/m² BSA] at the ascending aorta (AAT), the aortic arch (ART) and the descending aorta (DAT) respectively. The AAT diameter did not differ between GCA and control group subjects with a mean value of 34.42 ± 4.31mm [19.58 ± 2.80mm/m² BSA, p=0.411]. The mean diameters of the ART and the DAT differed significantly compared to GCA patients with values of 27.33 ± 2.86mm [15.56 ± 2.12mm/m² BSA, p=0.036] and 24.77 ± 2.70mm [14.09 ± 1.83mm/m² BSA, p=0.006]. Aortic aneurysms, defined as aortic diameter >50mm were present in 1 patient of the GCA group (0.8%) and 1 in the control group (0.9%, n.s.). Five patients of the GCA group (3.9%) and 6 control group subjects (5.4%, p=0.759) had a BSA adjusted diameter of the DAT above the 95th percentile as proposed by Kälsch et al.[2]. We did not observe any aortic dissection or an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Mean abdominal aortic diameter did not differ between GCA and control group subjects with values of 21.0 ± 2.5mm and 21.0 ± 2.3mm respectively (p=1.00). Conclusions Vigilance and screening for aortic aneurysms is considered in GCA patients; however, our data of a uniform vascular imaging in GCA patients and an age matched control group suggest that the risk developing aortic aneurysms after GCA diagnosis might be overestimated. Uniform imaging methods and adjustment for BSA would be essential when considering aortic studies in GCA. References Mackie SL, Hensor EM, Morgan AW, Pease CT. Should I send my patient with previous giant cell arteritis for imaging of the thoracic aorta? A system...