The purpose of this paper is to review the current clinical uses of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the field of gynecology. All relevant articles published from January 2000 to December 2017 were reviewed and analyzed. The articles on PRP in the field of gynecology were mainly case series, pilot studies, or case reports. PRP is currently considered a new therapeutic modality for some disorders that are refractory to conventional drugs.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed training and recruitment in urology in unprecedented ways. As efforts are made to ensure trainees can continue to progress, lessons can be learned to improve training and urological practice even after the acute phase of the pandemic is over. Novel methods of education through virtual learning have burgeoned amidst the social distancing the pandemic has brought. The importance of training in human factors and non-technical skills has also been brought to the fore while operating under the constraints of personal protective equipment and working in new teams and unfamiliar environments. This paper critically appraises the available evidence of how urological training has been affected by COVID-19 and the lessons we have learned and continue to learn going forward. Level of Evidence: Not Applicable.

The recent coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak was met by major reconfiguration of Urology health care services with cancellation of elective surgery and deployment of non face to face models for providing outpatient care. Urologists were faced with challenging decisions to stratify their patients into risk groups for assigning the appropriate, safe method of care delivery. Guidelines were swiftly produced by Urological societies to enhance this process but there has been limited uniformity and multiple publications from several institutions. We have conducted this critical review to appraise the current recommendations for providing Urology care during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The secondary outcome was identifying novel models for care delivery. Results were presented in tables categorising the recommendation by disease and its risk stratification. Results were presented according to the aspect of care: triage for surgery, operative, post-operative and outpatient care. This review reported differing recommendations from Urological societies on the prioritisation of services with limited consideration for individual patient-related factors. Telemedicine has been utilised well during the pandemic to maintain patient pathways. The role of telemedicine in future Urological practice looks promising and more development is required. Level of evidence: Not applicable.

Background: Placenta accreta is a major source of maternal morbidity and mortality and is currently the major reason for peripartum hysterectomy. The strict etiology is indefinite, but it has been postulated to be correlated to the injury of the decidua basalis, which allows for the placental attack into the myometrium. Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of placenta accreta and to compare it with the diagnostic accuracy of both 2D Ultrasonography and MRI. Material and Methods: A prospective study was done at Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Tanta University Hospital, Egypt. The study included 100 patients with suspected placenta accreta based on 2D ultrasonography, color Doppler and MRI. The intraoperative findings of each case were compared with the preoperative imaging findings. Results: Sensitivity for the diagnosis of placenta accreta was (100%) for color Doppler ultrasound, (93.7%) for 2D ultrasound and (75 %) for MRI. Specificity was (66.6 %) with color Doppler and (77.7%) for 2D ultrasound and (55.5%) for MRI. The highest positive predictive value (PPV) was found in 2-D ultrasound (88%), MRI had the lowest PPV (75%), while color Doppler had 84%PPV. Negative predictive value (NPV) was (100%), (87.5%), (55.5%) for color Doppler, 2D ultrasound and MRI, respectively. Conclusion: Color Doppler Ultrasound is the most accurate imaging modality in the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Its accuracy, when combined with 2D ultrasound, would increase and provides the best available modality for diagnosis of placenta accreta.