Companies tend increasingly to turn to the so-called continuous improvement in order to improve their performance and thus enhance their competitiveness approaches. In times of crisis, the use of these approaches becomes mandatory. In this context, the Lean Six Sigma is incontestably today a vehicle for business development as it allows performance improvement through various appropriate tools on one side, and incitement to contribution of different actors in the company, on the other side. In Africa, the Lean Six Sigma looks like an opportunity that seems to come at the right time in an environment that seems to need it. Is it then a management instrument emerging from a fad phenomena, or is it a real tool for performance improving for African companies, responding to a real need?

The bullwhip effect is a pervasive phenomenon in all supply chains causing excessive inventory, delivery delays, deterioration of customer service, and high costs. Some researchers have studied this phenomenon from a financial perspective by shedding light on the phenomenon of cash flow bullwhip (CFB). The objective of this article is to provide the state of the art in relation to research work on CFB. Our ambition is not to make an exhaustive list, but to synthesize the main contributions, to enable us to identify other interesting research perspectives. In this regard, certain lines of research remain insufficiently explored, such as the role that supply chain digitization could play in controlling CFB, the impact of CFB on the profitability of companies, or the impacts of the omnichannel commerce on CFB.

Due to the new possibilities offered by digital technologies, more and more companies are embarking on a process of digitizing their supply chains. This dynamic seems to be the opportunity to analyse the impact that digital technologies may have on one of the phenomena that disrupt financial flows within supply chains, and that can alter the companies' treasury, namely that of cash flow bullwhip (CFB). The results of the systematic literature review that was carried out allow to affirm that several technologies can contribute positively to limiting this phenomenon and this by acting on these operational causes, which are the reliability of forecasts, batch orders, the fluctuation in sales prices, rationing games, and lead times.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model of university information systems performance measurement. To do this resorted to the choice of 3E-3P model. This model proposes a development under the spectrum of the systemic approach. The objective is to provide a tool to decisionmakers in order to understand the dynamics of performance measurement. The model is based on a logic of decomposition of the global performance into three partial performances. The measurement is carried out at each pillar individually using a multi-criteria approach (MACBETH), and subsequently the consolidation of the three partial performances is carried out with the same multicriteria logic.

PurposeTo understand the specificities of Cash-flow bullwhip in the context of major crises similar to that of COVID-19, to identify its financial impacts on the Moroccan FMCG companies, to establish the profile of the companies most affected by this CFB and finally to propose internal control mechanisms that should be put in place to mitigate the effects of Cash flow Bullwhip in such a context.Design/methodology/approachThe authors chose to conduct descriptive research on companies operating in the fast-moving consumer goods sector in Morocco. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on a target population during the period from December 2020 to March 2021. To answer the different research questions, a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) has been conducted on the 21 variables obtained from the survey questions.FindingsSmall and medium-sized companies are those that have been the most financially impacted. Indeed, the instability of the cash flow conversion cycle increased their working capital requirements and limited their self-financing capacity. To face this situation, those companies used alternative means to finance their operational activity by using their equities or bank loans.Originality/valueDue to the originality of the COVID 19 context, this study gives a different angle of view to analyze the cash flow bullwhip and its implications on the financial health of companies.