Water security is a hot topic all over the world, due to global warming, climate change, natural calamities such as droughts and floods, overuse of water, and other factors. Water issues have been scientifically investigated from several perspectives, namely institutional, economic, social, environmental, managerial, and technological. However, the technological aspects of irrigation and water supply for smallholder farmers in the Mediterranean region have not been adequately addressed. This paper explores irrigation and water supply technologies for smallholder farmers in the selected Mediterranean countries (Egypt, Malta, Morocco, and Portugal). The methods of analysis are literature review, fieldwork, and observation. The literature survey reveals that Mediterranean countries share many common features in terms of climate, water and land resources, and development issues. Nevertheless, the selected countries in the Mediterranean region (Egypt, Malta, Morocco, and Portugal) differ in terms of type of crops, water management regulations, labor force availability, financial sustainability, and economic approaches. These remarks signal the need for applying a specific approach in selecting a technology for irrigation and water supply according to the regional context. Additionally, the financial and economic perspectives of the three key technologies (i.e., SLECI, desalination technology, and engineering constructed wetlands) require further analysis.

Purpose and aim of the study: The paper aim is to analyse scientific and other relevant literature on the sustainable development of the irrigated agricultural sector in Morocco.Design / Methodology / Approach: The method of data collection is literature review. Literature review was chosen as it is the basis for further research. The obtained data is presented in accordance with the identified historical periods. A summary of results is delivered.Main Findings: In light of scarce water resources, the technical, legal and institutional levels in the agricultural sector are permanently updated by the public authorities in order to mitigate the impact of climate change and adapt the management of water resources.Originality: Sustainability is regarded as gradual and sequential growth and development. Sustainability means the consideration of all the stakeholders’ interests in the decision-making process.Implications: Concerted efforts of the public authorities, companies and other stakeholders in the improvement of the efficiency of water use in agriculture through the development of localized irrigation technology and modernization of collective or private water supply networks in large irrigated areas would be beneficial for all. Innovative irrigation systems that allow the exploitation of unconventional, largely unused water resources must be developed. Low cost solutions with natural and locally available materials (Low Technology, Low Energy, Low cost, Easy to Use) should be used.

RESUME .La vitesse des transformations dans l'état solide est généralement soumise à l'influence de facteurs spécifiques ( température, temps, défaut, ......) dont l'intervention contrarie souvent l'évolution du système. Dans ce travail la détermination du volume occupé par la phase y' est effectuer par une méthode de microdureté, pour différents temps de vieillissements. On se propose d'étudier le système Ai-Ag connu par son durcissement structural qui s'effectue en deux étapes distinctes ( durcissement à chaud et durcissement à froid ) et l'effet de Zn et Sn sur la cinétique de formation de la phase y 'est mis en évidence par les solutions solides Al20%Ag , AlZO%AgO.Z%Cd et AlZO%AgO.Z%Sn. ABSTRACT.The speed of transformations in the solid state is submitted to the specific factor influence (temperature, time, defect,. . . .. .) which often antagonizes the evolution of the svstem. In this work the determination of the occupied volume of phase y' is based on the method of hardeness and carried out for different times of ageing. One intends to study the Al-Ag system known for its structural hardening which takes place in two distinct stages ( warm hardening and cold hardening ); and the effect of Zn and Sn on the kinetics of formation of the y ' phase is showed for the solutions Al20%Ag, AlZO%AgO.Z%Cd and AlZO%AgO.Z%Sn.

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