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In this study, the authors presented synthesis of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) by the bio-reduction method and their antioxidative activity. Aqueous extract of () was used as reducing and stabilising agents. They used aqueous extract of () as reducing and stabilising agent. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of ceria NPs. They also addressed the characteristics of the obtained ceria NPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM). The synthesised cerium (III) oxide (CeO) NPs were initially noted through visual colour change from colourless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV) and further confirmed the band at 345 nm employing UV-vis spectroscopy. The average diameter of the prepared NPs was about 8.6-10.5 nm. In addition, the synthesised CeO NPs were tested for antioxidant and anti-bacterial activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferrous ions chelating activity, superoxide the anion radical scavenging and 2, 2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazol to-6-sulphonic acid scavenging activity. It could be concluded that () extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and anti-bacterial CeO NPs for commercial applications.

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to obtain copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) through a method of green synthesis that involves using peroxidase enzymes that are partly purified from fig leaves (Ficus carica). CuO NPs were successfully synthesized using the green synthesis method in the experiments performed. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry of the characteristics of the acquired CuO NPs was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimum activation temperature for green synthesis was observed to be in 30 min, pH: 8, at 25 o C and in the concentration of 1 mM CuCl2. By using peroxidase enzymes with green synthesis, it was found that the results of the SEM and XRD measurements that acquired the CuO NPs were in the size of 50-120 nm. Afterwards, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of these nanoparticles were measured, and it was understood from the obtained results that CuO NPs have both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

In this study, phytase enzyme was purified and characterized from Oakbug Milkcap mushrooms (Lactarius quietus) and the purified phytase enzyme was immobilized on the surface of modified chitosan with nano-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The phytase was purified from Oakbug Milkcap mushrooms using ammonium sulphate precipitation in the range of 40-80%. and DEAE-sephadex ion-exchange chromatography. The purification fold was calculated by determining the activity and amount of protein for each step. The purified phytase enzyme was then immobilized on modified chitosan support material with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. The optimum pHs for the immobilized and free enzyme were 6.0 and the optimum temperatures were 60°C. The effects of some metal ions such as CuCl 2 , Hg 2 Cl 2 , FeCl 2 , MgCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , CaCl 2 were investigated on both the bound and free purified phytase. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined using the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method. Finally, we investigated whether or not the immobilized and free enzyme could hydrolyzed the phytic acid in green lentils, red lentils, peas, pinto beans, beans, brass, corn, dried corn, oat, rye, wheat, broad bean, chickpeas and peanuts. It was concluded that the immobilized phytase was quite resistant to temperature, pH and metal ions and it could be safely used in the hydrolysis of phytic acid in the legumes in the food industry.