A molecular dynamics simulation of bulk atactic polystyrene was performed. A united atom model and an all atom model were developed, in both of which the bond lengths were held fixed and the phenyl group was represented by a rigid, planar hexagon. The degree of success of the simulation was examined by comparing the calculated X-ray scattering intensity curve with experiment. The united atom model reproduces the so-called "polymerization peak", and the calculated curve agrees well with one of the most recently published experimental data. The degree of agreement achieved is in fact comparable to the degree to which two published experimental curves agree with each other. The agreement in the radial distribution function between the calculated and experimentally derived one is good in the r range smaller than 9 Á but deteriorates somewhat for larger r. There are again uncertainties in the experimental radial distribution function itself at large distances, however, as can be seen by comparing experimental curves obtained by two different groups. In contrast to the united atom model, the all atom model was found to give a result which clearly disagrees with experimental results, and one of the commercially available software gave an even worse result. The nature of smearing that accrues in the experimentally determined radial distribution function, as a consequence of the differing q dependencies of C and H atomic scattering factors and the limited q range accessible to experiment, has been examined by calculating the radial distribution function directly from the simulation result.
Poly(β-phenylpropyl l-aspartate) exhibits a
novel helix−helix transition in the solid state
at around 160 °C. The transition takes place reversibly in a
narrow temperature range during a heating
and cooling cycle, indicating that it is essentially of a first order.
A combined use of circular dichroism,
X-ray, and 13C CP/MAS NMR measurements revealed that the
transition is due to an interconversion of
the helical screw sense from a right-handed α-helix to a left-handed
helix. An unwinding and rewinding
of the helical screw occurs concertedly along the polypeptide backbone
without disturbing the uniaxial
orientation of the helix axes.
Phase behavior and ordering characteristics were reported for
poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)
(PBLG) in a mixed solvent containing a denaturant acid, dichloroacetic
acid (DCA), + dichloroethane
(DCE). The solutions of PBLG prepared so as to be liquid crystal
at room temperature were observed to
undergo a reentrant isotropic transition at low temperature where
conformational disordering of PBLG
molecules takes place. The deuterium quadrupolar splitting data
obtained by the 2H NMR method were
analyzed to elucidate the conformation and orientational order
parameter of the α-helix in the liquid
crystalline phase. The conformation of PBLG molecules in the
isotropic state was estimated from the
observed 13C NMR chemical shift. The molecular
information gained through these experiments was
implemented into the theoretical expression set forth by Flory and
Matheson. The phase diagrams
calculated on this basis have been compared with those observed.
The theory has provided a reasonable
picture for the high- and low-temperature phase transitions of the
PBLG/DCA/DCE system.
The binding properties of trivalent ions to polyacrylate and its
low molecular weight analogs
(monomer, dimer, and trimer) were investigated in dilute aqueous
solution (10-2−10-3 M) using
Tb3+ ion
as a fluorescent probe. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of
the Tb3+ ion depend directly on the
number of water molecules bound to their inner coordination sphere.
The more efficiently ligands
coordinate to Tb3+ ion, the more water molecules are
expelled and, consequently, the greater the
fluorescence intensity and lifetime observed. Lifetime
measurements in H2O and D2O showed that
the
number of water molecules coordinated to the Tb3+ ion are
6.5, 6.1, 4.9, and 3.6 for monomer, dimer,
trimer model compounds, and polyacrylate, respectively. The
viscosities of Tb3+−polyacrylate complexes
were measured in the presence of a large excess of sodium bromide.
Viscosities (ηsp/c) of the
polyacrylate
solutions follow Huggins' equation, and on addition of
Tb3+ ion, the intrinsic viscosities decrease
abruptly
from 700 to 40 mL/g. The mean end-to-end distances,
〈r
2〉1/2, for polyacrylate in
Tb3+−polymer complexes
were calculated using the Flory−Fox equation and were found to be
reduced from 125 to 48 nm on addition
of Tb3+. These results indicate that of the nine
water molecules coordinated to Tb3+ ion in aqueous
solution,
five to six are replaced with carboxylate groups attached to the
polymer chain wrapped around the Tb3+.
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