Salinomycin is a new polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces albus (ATCC 21838). The antibiotic is purified by solvent extraction followed by chromatography on alumina or silica gel. It is a weakly acidic compound and has the molecular formula C42H70O11. Salinomycin exhibits activity against gram-positive bacteria including mycobacteria and some filamentous fungi. and is effective in the treatment of coccidial infection of poultry. During the course of our screening program for new antibiotics, a new biologically active substance has been isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomvices (No. 80614). This substance was designated as salinomycin. Salinomycin is a member of the polyether antibiotics, which include nigericin1), K-1782), K-3583), X-2064), lasalocid (X-537A)5), grisorixin6), monensin7), dianemycin8) and A204A9), but it can be differentiated clearly from the above compounds on the basis of the chemical and spectral properties. As a result of taxonomical study, the salinomycin-producing organism was identified as a strain of Streptomyces albus (Rossl-DORIA) WAKSMAN and HENRICi, and the type strain has been deposited in the Fermentation Research Institute

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The kinetics of the formation of calcium carbide in the solid state reaction of calcium oxide with carbon has been examined by using a thermobalance in the temperature range 1600 to 1800°C and at 50, 100 and 200 mmHg of carbon monoxide. The reaction ratio vs. time curves were parabolic in all experimental runs, and the reaction followed parabolic kinetics: (1−3\sqrt1−x)2=kt. On the other hand, the decomposition of calcium carbide as a successive reaction occurred from the specimen surface and was described as a zero-order reaction. As the reaction velocity depended strongly on the pressure of carbon monoxide, it is considered that the reaction rate is governed by the diffusion process of gas through the product layer, as well as that of solids into the solid and product layer.

"Time-averaged holography" and "holographic interferometry" enable recording of the complete vibration pattern of a surface within several seconds. The results appear in the form of fringes. Vibration amplitudes smaller than 100 nm are not readily measurable by these techniques, because such small amplitudes produce variations in gray level, but not fringes. In practice, to obtain clear fringes in these measurements, stimulus sound pressures higher than 100 dB SPL must be used. The phase of motion is also not obtainable from such fringe techniques. In this study, a sinusoidal phase modulation technique is described, which allows detection of both small amplitudes of motion and their phase from time-averaged speckle pattern interferometry. In this technique, the laser injection current is modulated and digital image processing is used to analyze the measured patterns. When the sound-pressure level of stimuli is between 70 and 85 dB SPL, this system is applied to measure the vibratory response of the tympanic membrane (TM) of guinea pig temporal bones at frequencies up to 4 kHz where complicated vibration modes are observed. The effect of the bulla on TM displacements is also quantified. Results indicate that this system is capable of measuring the nanometer displacements of the TM, produced by stimuli of 70 dB SPL.

Aim: Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation (NMD) provides insight into the NTG-induced bioactivity of smooth muscle. It is plausible that in dysfunctional smooth muscle cells, the response to nitroglycerin may become blunted. The relationship between impaired brachial artery NMD and subsequent cardiovascular events is not well established. Methods: We examined brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and NMD using ultrasound in 93 subjects (71 7 years, including 26 with peripheral artery disease (PAD), 37 with aortic aneurysms, 10 with PAD complicated with aneurysms, and 20 without evident arterial disease). Brachial artery responses to hyperemia and nitroglycerin were measured every minute after cuff deflation and nitroglycerin administration. Time courses of vasodilatation were assessed and maximal FMD and NMD were measured. Results: The time courses in response to NTG were sigmoidal and maximal diameter reached 7.2 1.6 minutes after NTG was administered sublingually. The mean FMD was 2.3±2.0% and the mean NMD was 17.6 7.1%. Subjects were prospectively followed for an average of 47 13 months. Eighteen subjects had an event during follow-up; events included myocardial infarction (five), unstable angina pectoris (four), stroke (two), aortic dissection (one), ruptured aortic aneurysm (three), symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm (two), and lower limb ischemia requiring revascularization (one). NMD and FMD were significantly lower in subjects with events than in those without an event. In a Cox proportional-hazards model, lower FMD as well as lower NMD independently predicted future cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Brachial artery nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation may add information to conventional risk stratification.