The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential side-effects of lead acetate (LA), which is toxic to the nerves, blood and muscles, in the rat brain. The neuroprotective effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) against LA exposure were also observed. The experiment involved 28 male Wistar albino rats aged 12 weeks. These were divided into four groups: Control, PJ, LA and LA+PJ. Stereological techniques were employed to determine hippocampal volume in each rat brain. Biochemical investigations and histopathological examinations were also performed. Analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in hippocampal volume in the LA group compared to the control group (p < .05). The stereology results also indicated that PJ has protective effects when compared with the LA and LA+PJ groups. A significant increase was also determined in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the LA group compared to the control group, in contrast to glutathione (GSH) levels and carboxylesterase (CaE) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities. MDA and GST activity decreased significantly in the LA+PJ group compared to the LA group in contrast to GSH levels and CaE and AchE activities. Histopathological examination revealed a number of degenerative changes in the LA group. Exposure to LA adversely affects the hippocampus on the male rat brain. It might also be suggested that PJ may ameliorate these deleterious effects.

There was an error in the content of section 3.3.5 | Brain lead concentration analysis findings, the correct content can be found below:Lead was detected in brain samples from the LA, LA+PJ, control, and PJ groups. In this context, the lead concentrations were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was observed among the control, LA+PJ and PJ groups (p > 0.05).

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Background Anatomy Education Evaluation Scale, which we developed to learn students' thoughts about anatomy education and use this information to increase educational efficiency, was prepared in a five-point Likert type consisting of one dimension and 15 questions. Methods Within the scope of scale development, firstly, expert opinions were obtained for the purpose of content validity. The CGI calculated with expert opinions was 0.70, and there was no item with a content validity rate lower than 0.37. Result As a result of the pilot study, for the scale model applied to 1076 (436 (40.5%) female, 640 (59.5%) male) university students who received anatomy education, first EFA and then CFA were applied. As a result of DFA, it was calculated as χ2 339,748, χ2/sd 4.470, RMSEA 0.057, GFI 0.955, IFI 0.973, CFI 0.974, and NFI 0.966. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.821. For test-retest reliability, 30 students were included in the study with an interval of 15 days. As a result of the test-retest reliability, it was observed that there was a high correlation (r = 0.823) between the scores and no change between the scores over time (t = 1.022, p = 0.315). Conclusion As a result of the analyses made, the Anatomy Education Evaluation Scale, consisting of one dimension and 15 questions, was valid and reliable.