Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous phenylephrine for the control of spinal anesthesia induced intra- operative hypotension in C- section and its side effects. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 322 women with indications of spinal anesthesia for C- section received IV phenylephrine (50-100 µg) titrated to maintain maternal systolic BP at near-baseline values. Results: The mean SBP was ≤ 95% of the baseline from 2 to 10 minutes after the spinal anesthesia induction, then gradually stabilized until the end of surgery. In which, mean SBP <80% and <70% of the baseline at 3rd and 4th minute were 34.16% and 36.33%; 10.86% and 11.80%, respectively. Heart rate decreased > 10 beats per minute (bpm) by the 6th minute till the end of surgery, 4.04% of patients had bradycardia (<55 bpm). The average IV dose of phenylephrine was 95,96 ± 36,16µg. Total crystalloid solutions loading volume at the moment of and just after spinal anesthesia (“co-/postloading”) was 1222.89 ± 141.67ml. 7,76% of patients had vomiting. The average one - minute and five - minutes APGAR score were 8.35 ± 0.24 and 8.99 ± 0.07, respectively. Conclusion: Phenylephrine for managing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section was a safe and effective strategy of choice.

The twentieth century is the century when new religious phenomena appear, which is recognized as a development trend of world religions. In our country, this term began to be popularized at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to statistics of the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, the emergence of new religious phenomena has changed the religious life in our country in almost all aspects. The appearance and existence of “new religious phenomena” in the North partly reflected the change in the daily life of the people in the North on both positive and negative sides. This article focuses on studying the negative effects of “hot spots” related to religious phenomena in the North in recent years.