Background: Globally, Low Back Pain (LBP) comprises a significant occupational hazard in nursing profession. Objectives: To estimate the incidence, to identify risk factors, and impact of illness of LBP among nurses in AL-Mak Nimer university Hospital at Shendi city. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was applied including nurses in AL-Mak Nimer university Hospital at Shendi city, republic of Sudan throughout the period May-June, 2015. Sample was chosen by using total coverage sample. A predesigned questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included demographic data, work-related factors as well as effect and management of LBP data obtained were analyzed using manually and by used SPSS soft program. Results: The results revealed that the overall incidence of low back pain among nurses was (n=70, 87.5%) Female participants complaining of LBP were significantly more than male participants (85%) of the total female reported LBP. There were significantly relate between age and working hours (.015) it can be seen that about (40%) of the participants experienced LBP at least once a week or more frequently. 52.9% subjects rated their pain as moderate pain. 35.7% nurses' concept regarding factors contributing to their LBP were lifting as well as 28.6% working load,(52.9%) sleep disturbance, (64.3%) restrict activities were nurse comment regarding LBP effect. Conclusion: LBP is a common health problem among working nurse, lifting, work load, were the most perceived work-related risk factors for LBP, restrict activities, taking many days off, might be the most predisposed effect related to LBP. Recommendation: These findings suggest that hospitals should focus and attempt to improve the ergonomics of nursing activities. In addition, effective methods of implementing changes in work systems are needed.

Globally, Low Back Pain (LBP) comprises a significant occupational hazard in nursing profession. Objectives: To estimate the incidence, to identify risk factors, and impact of illness of LBP among nurses in AL-MakNimer university Hospital at Shendi city. A cross-sectional study was applied including nurses in AL-MakNimer university Hospital at Shendi city, republic of Sudan throughout the period May -June, 2015. Sample was chosen by using total coverage sample. A predesigned questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included demographic data, work-related factors as well as effect and management of LBP data obtained were analyzed using manually and by used SPSS soft program. Results: The results revealed that the overall incidence of low back pain among nurses was (n=70, 87.5%) Female participants complaining of LBP were significantly more than male participants (85%) of the total female reported LBP. There were significantly relate between age and working hours (.015) it can be seen that about (40%) of the participants experienced LBP at least once a week or more frequently. 52.9% subjects rated their pain as moderate pain. 35.7% nurses' concept regarding factors contributing to their LBP were lifting as well as 28.6% working load,(52.9%) sleep disturbance, (64.3%) restrict activities were nurse comment regarding LBP effect. LBP is a common health problem among working nurse, lifting, work load, were the most perceived work-related risk factors for LBP, restrict activities, taking many days off, might be the most predisposed effect related to LBP. Recommendation: These findings suggest that hospitals should focus and attempt to improve the ergonomics of nursing activities. In addition, effective methods of implementing changes in work systems are needed.

Sixty-nine subdesert toads, Amietophrynus (Bufo) xeros, were collected in Shendi, Sudan, from August to November 2014, and examined for the first time for the presence of internal helminth parasites. Sixty-seven (97.1%) of the toads were found infected with one or more helminth species including, four Nematoda: Aplectanamacintoshii, Rhabdiasbufonis, Strongyloidesprokopici, and Oswaldocruzia sp.; one Trematoda: Mesocoelium sp.; one Cestoda: Lanfrediella sp. A higher prevalence and intensity of infection was found in male toads compared with females, and old toads were found to harbor a higher prevalence and intensity of infection when compared to younger ones. However, neither of these differences was statistically significant. In addition, there were no significant correlations found between the gender of the toads examined and either the prevalence or intensity of infection of any of the helminth species. Likewise, the prevalence and intensity of infection of the helminth species were not significantly correlated with the snout-vent length of the toads.

This study was done in Sudan, NaherElneel state, shendi town, at shendi university faculty of nursing during September 2011. Seventy three second-year nurses students were asked to complete a brief anonymous questionnaire regarding their opinion as a new trend clinical exam strategy. The questionnaire was administered to all students post OSCE exam and required approximately ten minutes to complete it.68% of student agree that OSCE had covered wide area of knowledge and practice rather than ordinary exam.Few students were considered that OSCE is stressful and relatively intimidating. Majority of the student recommended that increasing time per station. The study aim to evaluate the student opinion about OSCE for undergraduate nursing student, so as to test the validity and reliability of the exam among them. The study concluded that, most of the student agreed that OSCE is better method of clinical evaluation because the matter of bias is minimum and it`s less stressful as compare with the ordinary exam.Also they were agreed that OSCE allow chance of compensation for poor performance. The study recommended that, OSCE should be integrated within the curriculum in conjunction with other relevant evaluation methods.

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