This article critically analyzed the Turkish and Libyan refugee deals. We argued that these deals proved to be unsustainable policy frameworks by focusing on their practical outcomes regarding humanitarian objectives. We utilized the -Fortress Europe‖ concept to demonstrate how the European Union's security concerns shaped the framework of these deals. Our study elaborated on two main arguments: First, these deals have undermined both Turkey and Libya's migration management capacities. Second, these deals failed to provide adequate mechanisms supervising the enforcement of humanitarian objectives. We focus on two dynamics leading to the failure of these deals. First, the EU's prioritization of security concerns has resulted in overlooking the irregular migration's humanitarian and societal costs to the third countries. Second, the EU's securitarian strategy contributed to further politicization and securitization of cooperation on migration. In conclusion, we argue that the EU should revise its securitarian strategy on irregular migration to include a more effective multi-lateral and multi-dimensional framework that focuses more on humanitarian issues while ensuring that the responsibilities will be fairly shared between the EU and third countries based on their capacities.

No abstract

This study aims to question the appropriateness of the "transition to democracy" paradigm in the Arab Revolts context with a specific focus on Libya. Arguing that the real problem lies at the meta-theoretical level, the assumptions and the empirical incongruities of democratization and post-democratization perspectives will be elaborated. With historical and social-minded analysis, the political developments in Libya will be approached with a historical sociology perspective complemented by the political economy of regime security. The interaction within the state-society complex in the framework of a complex relationship with regional/international level dynamics will be given a specific focus and unlike deterministic-teleological and reductionist democratization/post-democratization perspectives, the following question will be tackled: What happened politically in Libya in the course of the Arab Revolts?