Objectives: The Covid-19 pandemic has caused serious problems all around the world. Face-to-face education in universities had shifted to the distance learning including medical schools. Our aim in this study was to understand the problems faced by medical students during pandemic period, as well as to determine the possible benefits of distance learning through a web-based questionnaire system, and to compare it with face-to-face learning. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with a structured internet-based questionnaire. The sample of the study consists of 335 medical students who volunteered to participate in the study. The students took the anatomy course remotely during the Covid-19 and had access to the internet-based questionnaire. Results: Medical students thought that the online theoretical and practical anatomy lectures were not sufficient for their medical profession. Most of the students were opposed to providing practical lectures in the form of distance learning. Students were not satisfied with the anatomy lectures they took during this period. Conclusion: This study showed that the medical students did not look positively towards distance learning. Further studies should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of various distance learning strategies for better anatomy education.

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The hypoglossal nerve appears typically between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein and down in the lateral groove between these 2 anatomical structures on to the right common carotid artery bifurcation. In this case report, we presented a patient that was operated on for laryngeal carcinoma, and abnormal navigation of hypoglossal nerve was observed during the neck dissection.

Objective: We aimed to determine how physiotheraphy students percieve cadavers and what kind of approach they have adopted for use cadavers and how cadavers education have changed their feelings and emotions in anatomy education. Methods: Data form that consist twelve expression was used for determing of students’ perception about cadavers. Fifty students (100 forms) were participated in research. In the data form prepared, 12 questions were included in order to determine the approach of the students, while an expression question was included to determine the emotional question at the first encounter with the cadaver. Results: Most of participants have adopted expression before the cadaver education was “Dead human bodies shown in public areas without educational purposes affect cadaver donation adversely.” (4.52±0.79). While they have adopted after the cadavers education was “Human is valuable asset. Therefore, while person was both alive or after death, value and respect must be given to the human body.” (4.60±0.93). When the quastionaire data (before and after) were compared, statistically significant differences were found in expression of “Dead human bodies shown in public areas without educational purposes affect cadaver donation adversely” (p=0.037) and “3D modeling or working on the human models is more useful than studying on cadavers in anatomy education” (p=0.005). It was observed that the number of participations was decreased for the first expression and in contrast with increased for the second expression. Conclusion: Physiotheraphy students regard to cadavers for in terms of human aspect and value and attribute to him/her aspecial value in terms of contribute to education. Students who were studying on cadavers in anatomy education tend to see cadaver as an education a material. We thought that these results could be help to shape and improve the anatomy education.

Mandibular anestezi, süt ve kalıcı azı dişlerinin pulpa, restoratif ve cerrahi tedavilerinde, mandibula kırıklarında ve mandibulayı ilgilendiren tüm cerrahi girişimlerde sıklıkla tercih edilen bir anestezi tekniğidir. Bu nedenle hastalarda mandibular anestezi tekniği uygulanırken foramen mandibulae lokalizasyon farklılıkları dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaşayan erişkinlerde foramen mandibulaenin lokalizasyonunun üç boyutlu bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri ile değerlendirmesidir. Gereç veYöntemler: Çalışma, paranazal sinüs ve/veya baş-boyun patolojileri için bilgisayarlı tomografi incelemesi yapılan rastgele seçilmiş 200 erişkin bireyin radyolojik görüntüleri üzerinde retrospektif olarak gerçekleştirildi. Foramen mandibulaedan ramus mandibulae kenarlarına en yakın dikey (A) ve yatay mesafeler (C) ve ramus mandibulaenın toplam dikey (B) ve yatay mesafeleri (D) dişli ve dişsiz bireylerde bilateral olarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Dişli ve dişsiz mandibula ölçümleri karşılaştırıldığında, tüm parametrelerde (A, B, C, D, A/B, C/D) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulundu ve dişli mandibula ölçümlerinin dişsiz mandibulalara göre daha büyük olduğu belirlendi. Mandibular ölçümler laterilizasyona (sol/sağ) göre karşılaştırıldığında, sağ dişli mandibulada A ve D ölçümleri ve AB oranı ile sağ dişsiz mandibulada B, C, D ölçümleri ve AB, CD oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede sol taraftan daha büyük bulundu. Ölçümler cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldığında erkek dişli mandibulanın B, C, D ölçümleri ve AB oranı kadınlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksekti. ÖZBackground: Mandibular anesthesia is a frequently preferred anesthesia technique in the restorative, pulpal and surgical treatments of milk molars and permanent molars, as well as in mandible fractures and all surgical interventions that involve the mandible. In this reason, localization differences of mandibular foramen should be taken into consideration while applying mandibular anesthesia technique in patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the localization of the mandibular foramen in living adults with three-dimensional computed tomography images. Materials and Methods:The study was carried out retrospectively on the radiologic images of 200 randomly selected adult individuals who had computed tomography examination for paranasal sinus and/or head and neck pathologies. The closest vertical (A) and horizontal (C) distances from mandibular foramen to margins of mandibular ramus and total vertical (B) and horizontal (D) distances of mandibular ramus were measured bilaterally in the edandate and dendate individuals, and the A/B and C/D ratios were evaluated.Results: When the measurements of dentate and edentate mandibles were compared, a statistically significant difference was found in all parameters (A, B, C, D, A/B, C/D) and it was determined that the measurements of dentate mandibles were larger than those of edentate mandibles. When the mandibular measurements were compared according to the sides (left/right), the A and D me...