Purpose: To evaluate light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy findings of levator muscle/aponeurosis materials and their correlation with clinical findings in isolated congenital myogenic and aponeurotic blepharoptosis. Methods: Demographic and clinical data were obtained from patients. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations for muscle fiber morphology were performed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy on tissue samples which were obtained from the most proximal part of the aponeurosis excised during levator muscle/aponeurosis resection surgery. Results: Seventeen (55%) of the cases were isolated congenital myogenic ptosis, and 14 (45%) were aponeurotic ptosis. Muscle bundle splitting, cytoplasmic loss, and centrally located nuclei were observed in both groups. Muscle tissue covered 25% of the sample in 67% of the cases, 50% in 11%, 75% in 11%, and 100% in 11% in the myogenic group. In the aponeurotic group, muscle tissue covered 25% of the sample in 44.5% of the cases, 50% in 11%, and 100% in 44.5% (χ 2, p = 0.52). Myofibrillar loss areas accompanied by Z-line disorganization which were occupied by degenerated organelles were present in both groups under transmission electron microscopy, and findings were not significantly different between groups (χ 2, p > 0.05). Mean mitochondrial diameter was significantly larger in aponeurotic ptosis (Mann-Whitney U, p = 0.047). No correlation was found between functional and microscopic parameters. Conclusion: Decreased amount of striated muscle and the presence of fiber damage indicators were observed in both groups. Muscle fiber loss in myogenic ptosis may be a feature of muscle dysgenesis. Ultrastructural damage in aponeurotic ptosis may be explained with increased oxidative stress or long-term contractile stress. Further genetic and immunohistochemical studies will be helpful to further understand the pathogenesis of diseases.

Supplementary Table 1. Distribution of 410 conjunctival tumors based on age groups and gender Category and diagnosis ≤20 years old Total (%), male (%), female (%) >20-40 years old Total (%), male (%), female (%) >40-60 years old Total (%), male (%), female (%) >60-80 years old Total (%), male (%), female (%)

Purpose To determine the effect of patient and tumor features and different treatments on eye removal (enucleation or exenteration) and metastasis in posterior uveal melanoma (PUM). Methods Retrospective analysis. Patient age (≤60 vs >60 years), sex (female vs male), visual acuity (VA, ≤20/40 vs >20/40), largest tumor basal diameter (LTBD), tumor thickness, tumor stage according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition, ciliary body involvement, distance to optic disc (OD)/fovea (≤3 mm vs >3 mm), OD involvement, and histopathology were evaluated. Primary treatment options were transpupillary thermotherapy, plaque radiotherapy, Cyberknife radiosurgery, exoresection, and eye removal. Risk factors for primary eye removal were determined using logistic regression test and those for secondary eye removal and metastasis with Cox regression analysis. Results Of 387 cases, 153 (39.5%) underwent primary eye removal. Multivariable risk factors for primary eye removal included AJCC tumor stage (p = 0.001, OR:4.586; p < 0.001, OR:34.545; p < 0.001, OR:103.468 for stages T2, T3, and T4 vs stage T1, respectively), and VA≤20/40 (p = 0.014, OR:2.597). Multivariable risk factors for secondary eye removal were VA≤20/40 (p = 0.019, RR:2.817) and AJCC stage T3 vs T1 (p = 0.021, RR:2.666). Eye preservation rates in patients undergoing eye-conserving treatments were 80.3%, 69.6%, and 51.5% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Metastasis-free survival rates were 81.0%, 73.0%, and 56.7% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Multivariable risk factors for metastasis included eye removal as primary treatment (p = 0.005, RR:2.828) and mixed type histopathology (p < 0.001, RR:4.804). Discussion Early diagnosis is crucial for both eye preservation and survival in PUM. Increasing AJCC tumor stage and lower VA were risk factors for eye removal in this study. Mixed type histopathology and primary eye removal were risk factors for metastasis.

Limbal dermoid is a congenital benign tumor of the limbus which is often managed by surgery if necessary. In dermoid lesions involving the deep stroma, tumor excision and reconstruction of the anterior segment with amniotic membrane transplantation or keratoplasty may be required. Herein, we present a case of deep limbal dermoid treated with surgical resection and lamellar keratoplasty using microkeratome-assisted anterior lamellar graft.