Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membranes were prepared via phase inversion method by dispersing titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the dope solution. It is aimed to study the effects of TiO2 on the membrane surface properties and thus its separation performance. The PVDF membranes modified by various TiO2 contents were characterized with respect to cross-sectional structure, average pore size, effective porosity, hydrophilicity, permeability and rejection. Maximum values of membrane hydrophilicity, membrane porosity and average pore size were achieved upon addition of 1.95% TiO2. It is found that changes in the membrane surface properties are closely corresponded with the membrane fouling. The maximum flux and rejection of organic pollutants from palm oil wastewater were recorded at 82.5 L/m2 h and 98.8 %, respectively using PVDF composite membrane incorporated with 1.95% TiO2.

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Tumbuhan nilam merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri dan salah satu penyumbang devisa terbesar di  antara  tanaman  atsiri  lainnya. Minyak nilam merupakan bahan baku dalam industri kosmetik, parfum, antiseptik serta aromaterapi. Salah satu indikator peningkatan kapasitas produksi minyak nilam adalah terdapat pada proses pencacahan tumbuhan nilam sebelum dilakukan proses penyulingan minyak nilam. Proses pencacahan tumbuhan nilam akan lebih efektif dalam efisiensi waktu pengerjaan dan peningkatan kapasitas jika dilakukan dengan mesin pencacah. Komponen utama dari mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam adalah rangka, cover dan rangka, poros, saluran masuk, saluran keluar, kedudukan mata pisau, transmisi  tunggal  serta  mesin  penggerak. Daya mesin penggerak yang digunakan sebesar 5.5 HP dengan mata pisau planer berjumlah 4 buah dimensi 300 x 30 x 30 mm yang terbuat dari komposisi material High Speed Steel (HSS) 18%. Posisi mata pisau di pasang dengan kemiringan mata pisau 3⁰. Sistem transmisi menggunakan sistem transmisi tunggal yaitu 2 buah pulley dihubungkan dengan menggunakan v-belt. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengatur variasi putaran motor penggerak untuk mengetahui kapasitas cacahan dalam rentang waktu 1 jam. Ukuran hasil cacahan yang diteliti diatur dengan variasi jarak potong mata pisau yaitu 20 mm dan 30 mm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas cacahan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya putaran poros mata pisau. Pada putaran poros mata pisau > 1000 rpm mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam memiliki kapasitas cacahan ±120 kg/jam. Kapasitas cacahan untuk variasi jarak 30 mm memiliki kapasitas cacahan yang lebih banyak di bandingkan dengan pengaturan jarak 30 mm. Berdasarkan syarat mutu dan metode uji dari mesin pencacah (chopper) mesin pencacah tumbuhan nilam SNI 7580:2010 tergolong kedalam mesin kelas A. Patchouli plant produces essential oils and one of the largest foreign exchange earners, among other essential plants. Patchouli oil is a raw material in the cosmetics, perfume, antiseptic, and aromatherapy industries. One indicator of an increase in patchouli oil production capacity is the patchouli plant's chopping process before the patchouli oil refining process is carried out. The patchouli plant's chopping process will be more effective in the efficiency of processing time and increased capacity if it is done with a chopping machine. The patchouli chopping machine's main components are the frame, cover and frame, shaft, inlet, outlet, the position of the blade, single transmission, and engine. The power of the engine used is 5.5 HP with 4 planer blades of 300 x dimensions. 30 x 30 mm, which is made of 18% High-Speed Steel (HSS) material composition. The position of the blade is attached with a 3 angle of the blade. The transmission system uses a single transmission system, namely 2 pulleys connected using a v-belt. This research was conducted by adjusting the motor rotation variation to determine the chopping capacity within 1 hour. The size of the chopped results studied was adjusted by varying the cutting distance of the blades, namely 20 mm and 30 mm. The results showed that the chopping capacity increased with an increasing rotation of the blade shaft. At the blade rotation> 1000 rpm, the patchouli chopping machine has a ±120 kg/hour chopping capacity. The chopping capacity for 30 mm spacing variations has more chopping capacity than the 30 mm spacing setting. Based on the chopper's quality requirements and the test method, the patchouli plant SNI 7580: 2010 is classified as a class A machine.

Biomass gasification converts into syngas through the gasification process is promising for renewable energy utilization. Although gasification is a sustainable and environmentally-friendly technology for value-added utilization of biomass, yield percentage is the major problem during biomass gasification. An optimized gasifier and highly active catalyst were proved to be effective for biomass production. Furthermore, the decomposition pathway was also important to advance the gasification reactors and catalyst design. This paper summarized the fundamentals, such as gasifier types, zeolite catalysts, and reaction and deactivation mechanisms. This review also sheds light on other excellent catalysts, effective gasifier, and catalyst reaction mechanisms are also discussed in detail. At last, the paper ends with a conclusion and a prospective discussion of the lab-scale research. At the contact time of 240 minutes, with a column height of 30 cm, at a temperature of 450 oC, the concentration of syngas promise well.

Indonesia is the largest supplier of essential patchouli oil on the world market. Patchouli essential oil can't hold or bind the fragrance of other fragrance ingredients so that the smell is longer lasting. Patchouli plant essential oils have a good chance because demand is always increasing population and the habits of the people tend to use cosmetics and fragrances as one form of people's lifestyles, then the need for perfume is increasing every year. Make distillatory essential oil patchouli plant with water and steam distillation method to produce essential oils from patchouli. The method used is the water and steam distillation method according, this method of distillation can produce steam and heat which is stable because of the constan vapor. The results of the design of this distiller can produce essential oils from patchouli. The design of patchouli essential oil refining equipment, the method used is steamed, with a scale of 2 kg patchouli and 20 liters of water. The kettle tube is made from aluminum plate the size used is a diameter of 300 mm. the results of the design of the refiner can produce essential oils from patchouli. The essential oil refiner uses gas fuel.