Note 1.-This is a report in part of the findings in a study submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Ph.D. degree at Yale University in 1928. In this connection the writer desires to pay tribute to the late Professor J. Crosby Chapman as an inspirational teacher, able counselor and zealous inquirer after truth. Note 2.-Copies of the complete data and the tests are on file in the library of Yale University. The tables of correlations in this article give in all cases the raw Pearson coefficients.

This essay traces the early history of the genre of the empire map in China, examines twelfthcentury steles and printed maps of the Chinese territories, and analyses contemporary viewings and readings of maps in this genre. It argues that such maps reached a much broader readership of literate elites over the course of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and acquired new political significance as maps became powerful symbols in debates concerning the pros and cons of negotiated peace.

MARKUS, a multilingual digital text annotation and analysis platform, allows historians and other researchers to construct datasets from primary sources available to them in full-text digital format. Originally designed for those working with pre-twentieth-century Chinese texts, MARKUS has developed into a multifunctional annotation platform that is particularly suited for the automated annotation, referencing, and visualization of named entities in modern and literary Chinese and premodern Korean texts, but many of its additional annotation features can be used to analyze and read texts in any language, as long as the electronic documents are encoded in the most common standard for language encoding, Unicode. Below I discuss the main goals and methodological features of MARKUS and the allied text comparison utility COMPARATIVUS. I will illustrate these with some examples of how MARKUS has been used in Chinese and Korean historical research.

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