Quinoline and its fused heterocyclic derivatives tested with diverse pharmacological activity functional groups constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. Therefore, many researchers have synthesized these compounds as target structures and evaluated their biological activities. The present review provides an in depth view of work done so far on quinolines and its biological activities covering anticancer, antimycobacterial, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antiinflamatory and cardiovascular activities.

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BackgroundTissue Doppler index E/è is used clinically and in multidisciplinary research for estimation of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) and diastolic dysfunction (DD)/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Its diagnostic accuracy is not well studied.Methods and ResultsFrom the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases, we identified 24 studies reporting E/è and invasive LVFP in preserved EF (≥50%). In random‐effects models, E/è had poor to mediocre linear correlation with LVFP. Summary sensitivity and specificity (with 95% CIs) for the American Society of Echocardiography–recommended E/è cutoffs (lateral, mean, and septal, respectively) to identify elevated LVFP was estimated by using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic analysis. Summary sensitivity was 30% (9–48%), 37% (13–61%), and 24% (6–46%), and summary specificity was 92% (82–100%), 91% (80–99%), and 98% (92–100%). Positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was <5 for lateral and mean E/è. LR+ was slightly >10 for septal E/è obtained from 4 studies (cumulative sample size <220). For excluding elevated LVFP, summary sensitivity for E/è (lateral, mean, and septal, respectively) was 64% (38–86%), 36% (3–74%), and 50% (14–81%), while summary specificity was 73% (54–89%), 83% (49–100%), and 89% (66–100%). Because of data set limitations, meaningful inference for identifying HFpEF by using E/è could not be drawn. With the use of quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies questionnaire), we found substantial risks of bias and/or applicability.ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to support that E/è can reliably estimate LVFP in preserved EF. The diagnostic accuracy of E/è to identify/exclude elevated LVFP and DD/HFpEF is limited and requires further validation in a well‐designed prospective clinical trial.

Objectives We assessed myocardial damage in patients with chronic isolated mitral regurgitation (MR) and LV ejection fraction (EF) > 60%. Background MR patients typically have decreased LVEF after mitral valve (MV) repair despite normal pre-operative LVEF. Methods 27 patients with isolated MR had LV biopsies taken at time of MV repair. Magnetic resonance imaging with tissue tagging was performed in 40 normal subjects and in MR patients pre- and 6 months post-MV repair. Results LVEF (66 ± 1 to 54 ± 2% p<0.0001) and LV end-diastolic volume index (108 ± 5 to 78 ± 5 ml/m2 p<0.0001) decreased, while LV end-systolic volume index (ESVI) was 60% above normal pre- and post-MV repair (p<0.05). LV circumferential and longitudinal strain rates decreased below normal post-MV repair (6.38 ± 0.30 vs. 5.11 ± 0.25 p=0.0009, and 7.51 ± 0.50 vs. 5.31 ± 0.30, %RR, p<0.0001), as LVES stress (σ)/LVESVI ratio was depressed at baseline and post-MV repair vs. normals (0.25 ± 0.02 and 0.28 ± 0.01 vs. 0.33 ± 0.02, p < 0.01). LV biopsies demonstrated cardiomyocyte myofibrillar degeneration vs. normals (p=0.0016). Immunostaining and immunoblotting demonstrated increased xanthine oxidase (XO) in MR vs. normals (p<0.05). Lipofuscin deposition was increased in cardiomyocytes of MR vs. normals (0.62 ± 0.04 vs. 0.33 ± 0.04, % area, p <0.01). Conclusions Decreased LV strain rates and LVES σ/ESVI post-MV repair indicate contractile dysfunction, despite pre-surgical LVEF > 60%. Increased oxidative stress could cause myofibrillar degeneration and lipofuscin accumulation resulting in LV contractile dysfunction in MR.