Background: Both rural and urban areas in India are currently experiencing a great spurt in lifestyle diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease. The shift in epidemiology from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases indicates that the rural population is also at a high-risk for developing diabetes mellitus. Aims & Objective: The overall objective of present study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural population of district Sonepat, Haryana state. Material and Methods: The study was planned to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in various age groups by analysing the hospital record based data. Blood for glucose estimation was collected in a fluoride vacutainer and glucose was estimated by kit based GOD-POD method. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and or 2 hour postprandial glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl were taken as the diagnostic criteria for diagnosis. Results: Gender specific prevalence for diabetes was 19.36% and 16.98% for male and female respectively. Maximum prevalence of diabetes 41.96% was found in the age group of 46-60 yrs. In this age group Mean fasting plasma glucose among males was 149.36 ± 19.51 and among female it was 147.43 ± 18.19. Mean 2 hour postprandial plasma glucose was 259.94 ± 51.36 & 259.65 ± 51.39 in male and female respectively. Conclusion: Rural population remains exposed to high level of blood sugar for long time due to lack of screening facility of diabetes at PHC level, and this increases the chance of developing various complication of diabetes mellitus.

Background: Ferritin is an iron storage protein found in almost all of the body tissues. Serum ferritin levels also have been reported to be altered in patients with thyroid disease. Thus, changes in the serum concentrations of ferritin reflect thyroid function. Objective: For the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroperoxidase requires iron. It has been suggested that there is an association between thyroid profile and ferritin levels, which is the storage protein for iron in the body. This study was undertaken to assess ferritin levels in hypothyroid patients. Materials and Methods: Ferritin levels were estimated in 50 newly diagnosed patients of hypothyroidism using chemiluminescence technique (ADVIA Centaur CP). Total T3 and T4 levels were estimated using radioimmunoassay. Free T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were estimated using chemiluminescence. These were then compared with age-and sex-matched healthy controls. Results were correlated statistically. Results: Serum ferritin levels were found to be significantly reduced in patients with hypothyroidism compared to normal subjects (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is associated with low serum ferritin levels. The estimation of serum ferritin may help in understanding the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and monitoring of hypothyroid patients.

Purpose To investigate the role of protein oxidative damage and antioxidant defense in relationship to hyperglycemia measured as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (A1C), and duration of disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods This study recruited 23 nondiabetic subjects, 16 DM patients without any complications and 18 DR patients. The serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. The IMA results were corrected for serum albumin. Between-group differences were studied by analysis of variance and betweenvariable associations were studied by Spearman's and partial correlations. Results IMA and cIMA values were elevated, whereas GSH was decreased in both patient groups vs controls (Po0.05), and the increase in IMA formation is not related to serum albumin changes. DR patients have much severe oxidative stress (OS) status with high IMA and cIMA, and low GSH than in the DM group (Po0.05). Both FPG and A1C levels were positively associated with IMA in DM group, while in the DR group, duration of disease too had a positive association with IMA. The antioxidant GSH had negative correlations with FPG (r = − 0.52, P = 0.02) and IMA (r = − 0.49, P = 0.03) in the DR group. Partial correlation analyses predicted mutual or independent associations among parameters. Conclusions Severe OS in DR has been associated with increased FPG, A1C, and disease duration. Both hyperglycemia and elevated oxidative damage detected as IMA are collectively associated with depleted GSH status. Our study unravels the need for monitoring of OS in addition to standard glycemic management in DR.

Introduction: Flipped classroom is a new pedagogical model in which students are provided with study resource material to develop a basic understanding of the topic before class, and in-class precious time is used for learner-centric activities. Accordingly the study objectives were to compare the effect of flipped and traditional classroom teaching method and to determine the student’s perception of flipped and traditional teaching method.Method: This was a non-randomized experimental study. A detailed multiple choice question based test was used to assess the knowledge gain. Another structured questionnaire on students’ perception on flipped classroom teaching and traditional teaching technique was used for both the groups.Results: A total of 112 students participated in this study. The mean assessment scores in the flipped and traditional classroom were not statistically significant. We observed in the current study that the qualitative response was better as compared to quantitative response.Conclusion: As per our qualitative observation, a hybrid of both traditional and flipped classroom teaching method can be used in the transition period until the acceptance for new innovative methods increase. Long term learning gain may be attained by improving motivation and engagement of students in learning process.

humans, they are responsible for acute poisonings as well as for long term health effects, including cancer and adverse effects on reproduction. Therefore, it is very essential to balance needs with environment and health issues, when using insecticide and pesticide. The vast majority of insecticides targeted at insects, arthropods and nematodes are neurotoxic. They are capable of exerting a broad range of effects that ultimately results in mortality. At the whole organism level the insecticide effect may be either neuroexcitatory leading to hyperactivity, tremors and rigid paralysis or neuroinhibitory causing immobility and flaccid paralysis. 2 Organophosphates and Carbamates are, nowadays, widely used as insecticides and have been considered as potential chemical warfare agents. As an insecticide they are used widely for agriculture, vector control and domestic purpose. 3 Household and agricultural products containing Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides are widely prevalent eg. insecticidal preparations and fertilizers for gardens, surface and room sprays, baits for cockroaches and other insects, shampoos against lice, pet preparations etc. In INTRODUCTIONAn insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. They may be natural or synthetic chemicals and may act either as ovicide, larvicide or a contact insecticide. The age of chemical insecticides began about 2000 years ago, with the use of natural products like pyrethrum and tobacco. Synthetic insecticides were introduced in 1940 with chemicals like Dichlorophenyl Trichloroethane (DDT). 1 In the present times insecticides are widely used in agriculture, medicine, industry and household. In fact, the boon of agricultural productivity of the present time is partly due to the availability of potent and effective insecticides. But, nearly all insecticides have potential to significantly alter ecosystem; many are toxic to humans and others are concentrated in the food chain. In Cholinesterase Activity in Health WorkersInvolved a B S t r a c tBackground: recent era of agricultural boon is partially the result of extensive use of insecticides and pesticides. But these compounds also have potential to significantly alter the ecosystem and can cause acute poisonings as well as long term detrimental health effects in humans. these compounds can cause toxicity through all routes of exposure. they exert their effect mainly by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ache), which functions by removing acetylcholine (ach) from its postsynaptic receptors. Aims and Objectives: Human exposure to organophosphorous (oP) pesticides can develop lowered cholinesterase levels. the aim of the present study was to estimate the plasma levels of ache in personnel involved in handling of these compounds, during the period of active spraying operations. Methodology: the present study was conducted on 38 subjects working as Multipurpose Health Workers (MPHW groUP-1) and Field Workers (FW groUP-2) involved in the actual spraying of the insecticides, in District roht...