PurposeHuman beings frequently experience fear, phobia, migraine and hallucinations, however, the cerebral mechanisms underpinning these conditions remain poorly understood. Towards this goal, in this work, we aim to correlate the human ocular perceptions with visual hallucinations, and map them to their cerebral origins.MethodsAn fMRI study was performed to examine the visual cortical areas including the striate, parastriate and peristriate cortex in the occipital lobe of the human brain. 24 healthy subjects were enrolled and four visual patterns including hallucination circle (HCC), hallucination fan (HCF), retinotopy circle (RTC) and retinotopy cross (RTX) were used towards registering their impact in the aforementioned visual related areas. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of difference between induced activations. Multinomial regression and and K-means were used to cluster activation patterns in visual areas of the brain.ResultsSignificant activations were observed in the visual cortex as a result of stimulus presentation. The responses induced by visual stimuli were resolved to Brodmann areas 17, 18 and 19. Activation data clustered into independent and mutually exclusive clusters with HCC registering higher activations as compared to HCF, RTC and RTX.ConclusionsWe conclude that small circular objects, in rotation, tend to leave greater hallucinating impressions in the visual region. The similarity between observed activation patterns and those reported in conditions such as epilepsy and visual hallucinations can help elucidate the cortical mechanisms underlying these conditions. Trial Registration 1121_GWJUNG

Introduction:The temporalis muscle flap is an axial pattern flap based on the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries. It is most commonly utilized after maxillectomy. The temporalis flap splits into anterior and posterior halves, or the entire muscle used as a flap.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to: 1. Evaluate the esthetic and functional outcome by using temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of intraoral defect. 2. Assess the effectiveness of temporalis muscle flap in intraoral defects. Study Design: It was a Descriptive studySetting: The study carried out at department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery King Edward Medical University / Mayo Hospital Lahore. Sample size: 30 patients who presented with intraoral defect were included in this study. Subjects and Methods DurationSample Technique: Nonprobability Sampling (Purposive).Results: Success rate was ninety percent in this study. Failure of flaps encountered in 10% cases especially in older and immunocompromised patients. Conclusions:Temporalis muscle flap is a good choice for most of the intraoral defects especially those in palatal and buccal region.

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