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Purpose In today’s world, supply chain collaboration becomes an essential source of attaining competitive advantage to make the position in the global market in terms of information, expertise and risk-sharing abilities. Hence the purpose of this study is to highlight the understanding of the value and importance of collaboration in innovation and to strategically implement such steps to achieve supply chain collaboration capabilities. Design/methodology/approach The data of 269 respondents were collected from supply chain professionals belong to the different industrial sectors in Karachi, Pakistan. The data was analyzed by using structural equation modeling. Findings This study finds that supplier collaboration brings radical as well as incremental innovation. In contrast, internal collaboration brings incremental innovation, whereas collaboration with customers has an insignificant impact on incremental innovation. Furthermore, both types of innovations have a positive and significant influence on market performance. Research limitations/implications This study's outcome improves the understanding of the types of innovation enhanced by each construct of collaboration. Supply chain experts or managers are motivated to implement innovation to improve the firm's overall market performance. Originality/value This research will contribute to the literature by sharing the understanding of the relationship among supply chain members as they collaborate for innovation purposes. All supply chains develop a sustainable competitive advantage in market performance.

Background: CT and MRI modalities are considered a gold standard for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. The more readily available and cheap options like sonography are being sought out for the diagnosis of this entity. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of cranial ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus keeping CT scan as a gold standard. Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Pediatrics, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 01-01-2017 to 30-06-2017 Materials and Methods: A total of 121 children with a clinical diagnosis of hydrocephalus were selected and subjected to ultrasound of the head. Subsequently, a CT scan of the head was done and both modalities were compared. The diagnostic accuracy of the ultrasound was determined to keep CT findings as to the gold standard. Results: The mean age was 51.36 ± 34.01 days. The male gender was dominant as 81 (66.9%) patients were males. Ultrasonography of the head detected 93 (76.9%) patients with hydrocephalus while CT scan detected 90 (74.4%). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of USG to diagnosed hydrocephalus were 88.9%, 58.1%, 86.0%, 64.3% and 80.99% respectively Conclusion: Ultrasonography of head is a valuable screening tool for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Keywords: Hydrocephalus, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Ultrasonography

Background: The analysis of superficial lymphadenopathy in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions is vital in planning therapy for patients. Elastography is a technique currently being used for the evaluation of lymph nodes by means of evaluating tissue elasticity. In medical practice, shear wave-based and strain elastography techniques are being utilized. Strain elastography can be used to assess types of elasticity. Colors inside and around the nodes are estimated in the first place and then a 4-5 scale scoring system is used to score them visually. The present study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of elastography in distinction between malignant and benign lymph nodes of the neck and head region, taking histopathology as the gold standard. Methods: This study was carried out on ninety-six (96) patients of either gender with lymph nodes in the head and neck region admitted to Children Hospital and University of Child Health Sciences Lahore and Mardan Medical Complex. Patients with proven histopathology and gone through surgery in the head and neck region were excluded from the study. Each patient was subjected to the high-resolution elastography with a 7.5 MHz linear array probe. A consultant radiologist performed the elastography in the presence of the researcher and noted the lymph node types. The histopathology report was compared with the findings of elastography. Results: High-resolution elastography was conducted on each patient enrolled in this study and their results were categorized into two distinct groups’ namely positive elastography and negative elastography. In the positive group, malignant lymph node diagnoses were supported in 51 patients by elastography. Out of which 46 were true positive cases and 5 were false-positive cases with no malignant histopathology. Similarly, in elastography, negative patients, only 3 cases were false negative and 42 cases were true negative. The overall diagnostic precision, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and sensitivity of elastography was found to be 92%, 89.10%, 92.80%, 89.40%, and 94%, respectively, in order to differentiate malignant lymph nodes from benign lymph nodes in the neck and head region, taking histopathology as the gold standard. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that elastography is a favorable and invasive technique for the diagnosis and differentiation of malignant lymph nodes from benign lymph nodes with high diagnostic accuracy. It may help in selecting surgical procedures for lymph nodes in the neck and head region. Keywords: Elastography, Sensitivity, Malignant Lymph Nodes.