of food products spoilage and grains deterioration during storage, rendering them unfit for human consumption. Some of these contaminants, for instance, few species of Aspergillus and Fusarium produce mycotoxins in many food products. The quality of food and related products, such as seeds/grains, vegetables, fruits and processed products, are significantly deteriorated by these toxigenic strains (Lee et al., 2007). Different types of fungal toxins have been discovered so far, presenting different structural diversity, chemical composition and physicochemical properties. Among all of these, aflatoxins (AFs) are the most commonly occurring and extensively studied mycotoxin in food and feed commodities. They are produced as secondary metabolites and 4 types i.e., aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), B 2 (AFB 2), G 1 (AFG 1) and G 2 (AFG 2) are the most important with reference to mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive capabilities (Lereau et al., 2012). They are classified in group I as first class carcinogens, mutagens and immunosuppressive
This study examined the effectiveness of an accreditation mechanism for teacher education exclusively with a fragile higher education system in Pakistan. A quantitative research method was employed. Using the stratified technique, 614 participants from 24 higher education institutions were selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data from participants. The findings revealed that the standards of national accreditation council for teacher education (NACTE) cannot win wide acceptability and support of educators. The accreditation mechanism in Pakistan has emerged less effective in meeting standards of imparting modern, relevant and quality teacher education in the country. A comparative perspective to explore the factors affecting the effectiveness of accreditation in assuring quality teacher education in an academically underdeveloped country Pakistan is discussed at the end of this article. This study provides essentialities of accreditation in teacher education programs. It carries the value of graduate attributes that is a brand image in the quality of teacher education program development.
Besides thriving primary school teachers' performance, we hypothesized that whether teachers' burnout at the workplace can be reversed through psychological capital or what type of relationship exists between them. Quantitative data were gathered from 1005 participants. All the respondents were associated with primary schools located in 4 districts of the Punjab province. The data collection was done through a questionnaire and inventory. The finding explained that participants' psychological capital is negatively associated with burnout frequency and burnout intensity. This strong negative relationship of psychological capital is greater with burnout intensity (r = -.537). It is estimated that teachers' psychological capital significantly has a predictive effect on burnout. It is difficult for educational trainers to gauge the high level of psychological capital. Therefore, an authentic scientific watch of burnout symptoms among teachers is recommended. This scrutiny may lead trainers and educationists to develop methods of raising psychological money after shortlisting them.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of religiousness on the prevalence of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) among young adults. Prevalence of three forms of Allportian religious orientation, three forms of quest religious orientation and seven symptoms of NPD were examined through self-reported measures. 618 randomly selected Muslim students from the four public sector Pakistani universities participated in the study. Three research instruments comprising Religious Orientation Scale developed by Gorsuch and McPherson, Quest Scale developed by Batson and Schoenrade and Narcissistic Personality Inventory developed by Raskin and Terry were used to collect the data. All subscales demonstrated more than .70 Cronbach Alpha Coefficients. The findings demonstrate comparatively higher presence of intrinsic, extrinsic personal and extrinsic social religious orientations among the Pakistani Muslim young adults. The presence of NPD symptoms remains higher among the participants too. The study concludes that the religious orientations significantly explain the variances in the prevalence of NPD symptoms among the Muslim university students with the direct effects of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religious orientations and indirect effects of quest religious orientations.
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