Requirement Engineering is one of the most crucial tasks because it serves as the foundation for any software. Four pillars of requirement engineering procedures underpin the entire software. The bricks that make up the software edifice are functional and non-functional needs. Finally, design, implementation, and testing add stories to the foundation, allowing a full software tower to be built on top of it. As a result, the foundation must be strong enough to support the remainder of the software tower. Requirement engineers have various hurdles to design successful software for this purpose. Requirement Engineering (RE) is emerging as an increasingly important discipline to promote the development of web applications, as these are designed to meet various stakeholder requirements, additional functional, information, multimedia, and usability requirements compared to traditional software applications. The requirements of software systems are a very important area in software engineering. The success of software systems depends on how it effectively meets the requirements of users. In this paper, the review of current state of requirements engineering in which requirements from users are checked analyzed with their consistency and correctness is presented, and then identifies the emerging models of requirement engineering. Firstly, the paper highlight the current activities that enable the understanding of goals and objectives for developing proposed software systems, then the focus is on the techniques for improving the precision, accuracy, and variety of requirements. Next, identification of the challenges of emerging requirement engineering models is explained. The challenges like security and global trend that posed by emerging models of the future. Finally, we are trying to suggest some solutions for the mentioned challenges.

Involvement of parents in rehabilitation process is of vital importance. Parental perception and satisfaction from the available support and services are the indicators of their (un)met specific needs. The objectives of the study were to assess the parental perception about the level of available support from different personnel involved in the process of aural rehabilitation and to highlight the parental needs and recommendations for aural rehabilitation of children with hearing impairment (HIC). A survey was conducted from October 2014 to January 2015 to collect demographic data, information about level of support of different personnel as received by the parents, their opinion and recommendation about further required support. The sample comprised of 30 government special education institutes from which 308 questionnaires, filled by the parents of the HIC studying in these institutions were received back. The results highlighted the poor educational and income level of the parents, increasing incidence of hearing impairment in the families of HIC, lack of available support from personnel involved in aural rehabilitation and documented parental demands and recommendations. It was concluded that future planning of provisions for aural rehabilitation may be more effective, if aligned with the requirements and preferences expressed by parents of HIC.

The focus of the research was to find science teachers' philosophy about the nature of science NOS in philosophical perspectives serving in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The descriptive research method was used to investigate the difference in perceptions of the science teachers about NOS on the basis of gender and subject. An online questionnaire was utilized in order to gather data from respondents. Different constructs of NOS were identified to explore. The female teachers had more understandings about NOS than male teachers. The teachers of mathematics were positivists and decontextualized view of NOS. Male teachers were having an inductivist view of NOS. Physics teachers believed in inductivism. The teachers of chemistry were having process and realism view of NOS. Mathematics teachers were found to have contextualized NOS. It is recommended to provide orientation to science teachers in order to build NOS towards concept clarification during the process of the teaching-learning process.

The notion of using technology for learning is not new. However, the high level of digital exclusion of individuals with intellectual disabilities is well-documented. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of two different pedagogies for students with intellectual disability (ID). The main objective was the comparison of assistive technology and the traditional teaching method for improving Urdu vocabulary. Using a quasi-experimental design, 8 ID students of 10 to 15 yearsof age were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. Their performance was measured before and after a six-week intervention program. The results showed that mobile-based technology improved the experimental group’s performance as compared to the control group. The technology had a positive impact on the learning of Urdu vocabulary by students with ID. The findings suggest that learning the Urdu language through game-based software/programs/utilities can improve students’ learning in the classroom. Teachers can use mobile phone as a learning tool to enhance their learning goals.

The recommendations available today in open literature for the choice of design parameter such as flow coefficient, stage loading and reaction degree incorporates mainly the influence of aerodynamics loss on efficiency. However, it is difficult to find the recommendation relating the influence of not only the aerodynamics loss but also cooling mass flow and cooling losses on varying most influential design parameters. In this paper, preliminary design and performance guidelines are presented for a cooled turbine stage using the 1D design tool LUAXT. The intention is to provide recommendations on the selection of design parameters, mainly reaction degree, which is found to be highly influenced by not only the aerodynamics loss but also the cooling mass flow and cooling loss such as in 1st stage of a High Pressure Turbines (HPT). The One-Dimensional (1D) design methods used to perform this task are verified and validated against experimental test data. A comparison of different loss models has been performed to provide most accurate outcomes for certain tested ranges. Based on the outcomes of this study, ‘Craig & Cox’ loss model has been considered to perform subsequent investigations for HPT design and performance estimation while formulating a parametric study. From this study, the design recommendations for the selection of performance parameter reaction degree are developed for cooled turbines. The results shows that for a HPT 1st stage, the recommended reaction degree range of 0.20 to 0.37 seems to provide the optimum stage design when chosen for stage loading in between 1.40 to 1.80 along with the stator exit flow angle in range of 74° to 78°.