By S a l l y A. Thomas a n d Hing W a Lee The Chinese have labored to perfect the art of gemstone carving for several thousand years. Beginning with primitive tools and limited materials, they eventually developed the iron-tipped spindles and treadle machines that were to become the traditional tools of the trade for two millenia. With these relatively simple implements andmeticulous craftsmanship, Chinese master carvers have produced some of the world's most sophisticated gemstone carvings. Within the past 10 years, however, increased government01 participation, the ovailability of powerdriven machinery, and more varied carving materials have had a major impact on gemstone carving in China.