Objectives: To identify the frequency and associated factors with respiratory illnesses in children with cerebral palsy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Paediatrics, Unit I. Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta. Period: 8th May 2018 to 7th May, 2019. Material & Methods: was to determine frequency of hospital admissions due to respiratory illnesses and factors leading to respiratory illnesses in children with cerebral palsy. The study considered 207 patients who were suffering with cerebral palsy. Weight and height/length were taken. Chest was inspected for in drawing of ribs and respiratory rate was counted for a minute. CP child further investigated for having drooling of saliva, chewing difficulties, impaired speech, seizures, GERD, mode of food intake, scoliosis and malnutrition. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Stratification was done and post stratification Chi square test was applied considering p-value ≤0.05 as significant. Conclusion: Among total patients admitted, respiratory illness was observed in 16.4% patients. It was observed that problem to eat by mouth, oromotor dysfunction and Malnutrition were mostly observed leading factors. Multidisciplinary approach should always be provided to CP children at hospital as well as community level along with parent education related to disease problem. These factors need to be addressed thoroughly. Preventive measurements and treatments should be individualized for each leading factors.

Nosocomial infections are acquired, during or after being hospitalized. These infections are of high importance and are responsible to cause multiple issues during treatment making the treatment prolonged and economically burdensome. Some common HAI include those caused by Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. These infection are serious and are caused due to multiple factors such as antibiotic resistance, intrinsic factors and the host –environment interaction during the presence of the pathogen. Pakistan being a developing country faces many issues while tackling with nosocomial infections, these not only cause socio-economic burden but also diminish the quality of life. There is no national approach to control and manage the nosocomial infections. This review not only highlights the hospital acquired infections as a serious threat but also clearly guide to adopt a “ manageable approach” so suchpolicies can be made and implemented in the health care system to resolve the problemthrough a systematic and coherent approach.

Purpose: The current study aimed to test the impact of two religious months on the return behaviour of the gold market in Pakistan under informational efficiency hypothesis i.e. to empirically test the semi-strong form of EMH in gold market for religious calendar anomaly. Methodology: Weekly gold prices in rupees per one gram that prevailed in Pakistan for the period January 2007 till December 2015 were selected, summing up to 468 observations. Data was taken from World Gold Council and the Bullion-rate database. Event methodology was employed for capturing and analyzing the pre and post event reactions by calculating abnormal returns. Furthermore, average security return variability was employed for robustness check.  Main Findings: Opposing results were achieved for both the lunar calendar occurrences where the gold market is inefficient for the month of Ramazan but is found efficient in Muharram's case concluding into mixed evidence and findings. Implications/Applications: The contribution of this study differs from previous gold studies in two aspects; first the research investigated the effect of Ramazan and Muharram as Islamic calendar events, and second is that gold market prices of Pakistan that had not been examined earlier. So this study is adding to the literature in the sense of examining the new relationship in Pakistan. Novelty/Originality of this study: Extensive literature can be found about the global gold market that tested the weak form efficiency, but empirical evidence related to the semi-strong form efficiency of the gold market in Pakistan is not available neither the calendar anomaly related to the gold market is available. The dynamics of this very highly valuable and volatile asset market require investigation of such type.

Laboratory acquired infection occur globally. These infections are caused by multiple parasites and pathogens belonging to bacteria, fungi and the viruses. Laboratory acquired infections in laboratories of research and development; production installations and academic sectors i.e., teaching labs vary, but do contribute to morbidity and mortality with respect to their occurrence. The health status of a lab worker or technician is an important factor in keeping the community health as these acquired infections easily get introduced into the community. The current review gives an overview about the laboratory acquired infection, their past and the complications that are being faced in their control and management. The review focuses on one of the major problem now being faced in the lab acquired infections that is antibiotic resistance.