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This paper describes the photomodification of borosilicate glass substrates assembled with 40 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with surface coverages ranging from 17 to 23% on excitation of the localized surface plasmon band of the NPs with a 532 nm nanosecond pulsed-laser beam. The laser irradiation allowed the splitting and fusion of NPs on the substrate surface and, at the same time, the formation of craters of less than 10 nm diameter at various places following one laser shot with a relatively high intensity of 460 or 370 mJ • cm -2 • pulse -1 but well below the breakdown threshold of 25-40 J • cm -2 • pulse -1 . The formation of the craters was more and more distinctly observed by continuous irradiations. The number density, average diameter, and the surface coverage of the craters were not linearly dependent on the laser shot number but exhibited the saturation behavior due to the consumption of Au NPs. The threshold laser energy for the crater formation was dependent on the accumulated number of laser shots: a greater number of laser shots were necessary to form craters as the laser fluence decreases. Most interestingly, the laser-irradiated areas of the substrate exhibited a greater susceptibility to the wet chemical etching with aqueous hydrogen fluoride. The mechanism of the laser modification and a possible application to nanofabrication on glass surfaces by utilizing Au NPs were discussed on the basis of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation as well as the extinction and light scattering spectroscopic measurements.

We reviewed retrospectively the MRI examinations of 108 knees of 80 children to identify the prevalence of a high signal in the menisci of those without symptoms. There were 51 boys and 29 girls with a mean age of 12.2 years (8 to 15). The prevalence of a high signal within the menisci was 66%, significantly higher than that in an adult group (29%). The prevalence decreased with age: grade-2 and grade-3 changes were observed in 80% of menisci at ten years of age, in 65% at 13 years and in 35% at 15 years. The prevalence of high signals also decreased with increased skeletal maturity at the knee. We emphasise the importance of awareness of the high prevalence of a high signal intensity in the menisci of children, especially in early adolescence.

T2 values may be useful to monitor recovery after nerve injury and may be related to the blood volume in skeletal muscle.