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Objective: To present the results of the clinical study of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for skull base and paracervical spine tumors at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan. Methods: The study is comprised of three protocols: a pilot study, a phase I/II dose escalation study, and a phase II study. All the patients were treated by 16 fractions for 4 weeks with total doses of 48.0, 52.8, 57.6, and 60.8 Gy equivalents (GyE). Results: As a result of the dose escalation study of CIRT for skull base tumors, a dose fractionation of 60.8 GyE/16 fractions for 4 weeks was decided as the recommended dose because of acceptable normal tissue reactions and good local tumor control. Conclusions: Preliminary results of the phase II clinical study of CIRT for skull base chordoma showed local control at 5 years at 100%, and normal tissues showed a mild reaction without any severe morbidity of important organs.

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Dental College : Various oral mucosal diseases such as oral potentially malignant disorders(OPMD)and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)may develop in the oral cavity and are difficult to differentiate. Optical instruments are not invasive and can be repeatedly used. Since 2010, we have used optical instruments effectively to improve diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we conducted subjective and objective evaluations using optical instruments for distinguishing between leukoplakia and SCC.Eighty-two patients diagnosed with SCC and leukoplakia at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, between April 2017 and March 2018 were selected and evaluated using optical instruments. Also, an oral cancer screening model that used AI(AI oral cancer screening system：AIOS)was prepared and its effectiveness was evaluated.In the subjective evaluation by optical instruments, Fluorescence Visualization Loss(FVL)was confirmed in all SCC cases. In the objective evaluation, SCC was lower than leukoplakia in luminance(SCC 52.6 vs Leukoplakia 74.5cd/m 2 ) . In the coefficient of variation of luminance, SCC was higher than leukoplakia in luminance(SCC 0.22 vs Leukoplakia 0.12) . Regarding luminance ra-

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