Environmental information is generally sent through several pathways that are parallel to the physically separated areas of the cerebral cortex, communicating with one another to produce the integration. A stereoscopic recognition is a typical example of the integration of two-dimensional (2D) images of a three-dimensional (3D) object projected in slightly different planes into a single-image having a 3D effect. Stereoscopic vision has been studied intensively at both the theoretical and computational levels [1][2][3]. Since stereoscopic recognition is known to exhibit a diverse and moderately complicated phenomena, which are well suited for study at the neurophysiological level, human brain mapping involved in stereoscopic recognition have been of growing interest [4][5][6][7][8].Lesion analyses in humans [9][10][11] indicate that the parietal cortex plays a major role with a suggestion of right-hemisphere dominance for stereoscopic recognition. For example, patients with anterior temporallobe lesions demonstrate impaired global stereopsis but intact local stereoacuity [9]. Patients with rightsided temporal lobe lesions perform significantly worse than those with left-sided lesions in perceiving depth when it is cued by ambiguous disparities [10]. Right hemisphere superiority has been suggested from works with normal human subjects [11]. Binocularly driven V3 complex cells project to the parieto-occipital area of the superior parietal lobule and lateral and posterior intraparietal areas in the lateral bank and fundus of the intraparietal sulcus in the cat [12] and Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 191-198, 2002 Key words: stereoscopic recognition, binocular disparity, functional MRI, M pathway, frequency labeled task sequence. Abstract:We characterized the visual pathways involved in the stereoscopic recognition of the random dot stereogram based on the binocular disparity employing a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The V2, V3, V4, V5, intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS) were significantly activated during the binocular stereopsis, but the inferotemporal gyrus (ITG) was not activated. Thus a human M pathway may be part of a network involved in the stereoscopic processing based on the binocular disparity. It is intriguing that areas 44 (Broca's area) and 45 in the left hemisphere were also active during the binocular stereopsis. However, it was reported that these regions were inactive during the monocular stereopsis. To separate the specific responses directly caused by the stereoscopic recognition process from the nonspecific ones caused by the memory load or the intention, we designed a novel frequency labeled tasks (FLT) sequence. The functional MRI using the FLT indicated that the activation of areas 44 and 45 is correlated with the stereoscopic recognition based on the binocular disparity but not with the intention artifacts, suggesting that areas 44 and 45 play an essential role in the binocular disparity.

Elucidation of the statistical properties of the DNA nucleotide sequence is of growing interest [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] as an approach to discovering the rules governing the arrangement of genetic information [1,3,8]. As denoted by the recent sequencing of human chromosomes 21 [12] and 22 [13], the sequencing of the entire human genome should be completed in the immediate future*. We may not obtain much insight into the whole DNA sequence, however, since the protein or RNA coding region (called the "exon") is expected to be merely 2 to 3% of the total sequence [14]. There is certainly a need for a theoretical means of extracting information from the DNA sequence itself without experimental complication. In fact, we cannot rule out the possibility that there might be additional genetic information in the noncoding region (called the "intron"), which accounts for 97 to 98% of the whole DNA sequence [14]. Although the rules hidden in DNA sequences have not yet been clarified, it may be worth characterizing them in terms of the power spectral density and the self-similarity (the fractal structure) of the DNA sequence [11].A DNA chain is represented by a sequence of four letters, corresponding to four different bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). We first extracted the characteristic pattern of exons and introns in various ␤-globin DNA sequences with different species, using a novel genetic mapping method Key words: evolution, Fourier transform analysis, globin gene, periodicity, self-similarity.Abstract: Fourier transform analysis was applied to elucidate the periodical and self-similar properties in the DNA sequences mainly of ␤-globin genes in different species, and the evolutionary change in those properties was then investigated. Map patterns of a two-dimensional DNA walk showed that the stretches of exons are significantly shorter than those of introns, suggesting that the evolution of exons is driven by natural selection, whereas that of introns is generated by unknown internal rules. Using a monomer analysis, we obtained the power spectra of four different bases, A, G, C, and T, in DNA sequences. Periodicities in the short-(2 to 10 base pairs [bp]), medium-(10 to 50 bp) and longrange order (50 to 300 bp) of ␤-globin gene sequences could be observed, and power spectral densities of these periodicities were increased with evolution. These results suggest the existence of the internal rules in the occurrence of the synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the sequences, the destabilization of the interaction between DNA and histone protein, and the stabilization of the chromatin structure, respectively. Moreover, 1/f ␣ analysis of the power spectra (log-log plot) in the far long-range region (160 to 16,000 bp) suggested the increase in the self-similarity (the fractal structure) of DNA sequences with evolution. A general trend of the increase in a 3 bp periodicity with evolution might be functionally related to the CAG trinucleotide repeat diseases such as Huntington ...

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Fractal dimensions and characteristic periodicities were evaluated in normal sentences, computer-generated word salads, and word salads from schizophrenia patients, in both Japanese and English, using the random walk patterns of vowels.　In normal sentences, the walking curves were smooth with gentle undulations, whereas computer-generated word salads were rugged with mechanical repetitions, and word salads from patients with schizophrenia were unreasonably winding with meaningless repetitive patterns or even artistic cohesion. These tendencies were similar in both languages. Fractal dimensions between normal sentences and word salads of schizophrenia were significantly different in Japanese [1.19 ± 0.09 (n = 90) and 1.15 ± 0.08 (n = 45), respectively] and English [1.20 ± 0.08 (n = 91), and 1.16 ± 0.08 (n = 42)] (p < 0.05 for both). Differences in long-range (>10) periodicities between normal sentences and word salads from schizophrenia patients were predominantly observed at 25.6 (p < 0.01) in Japanese and 10.7 (p < 0.01) in English. The differences in fractal dimension and characteristic periodicities of relatively long-range (>10) presented here are sensitive to discriminate between schizophrenia and healthy mental state, and could be implemented in social robots to assess the mental state of people in care.

Arch Dis Child 2012;97(Suppl 2):A1-A539 A525 AbstractsMethod An interdisciplinary group from OUS children's department cooperated. After a thoroughly literature review medical knowledge and normalization of daily life was chosen to be highlighted. We individualized the information by dividing it into information categories like; pre-and postoperative considerations(2), different sirculatory consequences(5), medication management(12), nutrition, follow-up, a form to fill in about specific treatment and an uncompleted heart drawing to adapt to the infants diagnosis. A binder was designed to gather information and accompany infants trough coming years of follow-up and to be used in communication between parents and daycare and school. At discharge from OUS information sheets are distributed to local health service. Results A nationwide and evidence based systematic information system that allows health personnel tindividualize informational needs and cooperate across health services. Background and Aims According to Dutch legislation nurses are allowed to perform a number of medical procedures, known as "reserved procedures". Nurses are permitted to perform these procedures, but only after thorough education, training, examination and authorisation. The aim was to develop and implement an efficient and effective model to facilitate these demands, on behalf of the (non-ICU) nursing staff of our children's hospital. Methods We developed a cyclical blended learning method containing: e-learning, training of local assessors, bedside teaching, structural examination and registration. BUSINESS AS USUAL. A, PROVEN EFFECTIVE, MODEL TO TRAIN AND AUTHORISE NURSES IN RESERVED PROCEDURES IN A CHILDREN'S HOSPITALThe tool we developed is: