We present photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid films generated in a vacuum with microfluidic devices based on liquid-liquid or gas-liquid collisions. The results are compared to those for a standard liquid microjet technique.

For the development of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module realizing high efficiency, it is necessary to achieve the high efficiency optical system including Fresnel lens and homogenizer. For the improvement of optical systems, it is very important to understand the contribution of the light irradiated to a localized position on the Fresnel lens. The light beam induced current (LBIC) system was constructed to evaluate the focusing characteristic of the CPV module. We locally irradiated a light from solar simulator to the CPV mini-module and measured the generation current, and the localized characteristics were represented by two-dimensional mappings. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of tracking error by changing the irradiation angle. In the case of tracking errors, the peak of generated current was shifted and the current was decreased. In the case of tracking error of 1.0 o, the total generated current was reduced 12%, in comparison with the normal irradiance.