Objective To examine whether eating until full or eating quickly or combinations of these eating behaviours are associated with being overweight. Design and participants Cross sectional survey. Setting Two communities in Japan. Results 571 (50.9%) men and 1265 (58.4%) women self reported eating until full, and 523 (45.6%) men and 785 (36.3%) women self reported eating quickly. For both sexes the highest age adjusted mean values for height, weight, body mass index, and total energy intake were in the eating until full and eating quickly group compared with the not eating until full and not eating quickly group. The multivariable adjusted odds ratio of being overweight for eating until full was 2.00 (95% confidence interval 1.53 to 2.62) for men and 1.92 (1.53 to 2.40) for women and for eating quickly was 1.84 (1.42 to 2.38) for men and 2.09 (1.69 to 2.59) for women. The multivariable odds ratio of being overweight with both eating behaviours compared with neither was 3.13 (2.20 to 4.45) for men and 3.21 (2.41 to 4.29) for women. Conclusion Eating until full and eating quickly are associated with being overweight in Japanese men and women, and these eating behaviours combined may have a substantial impact on being overweight.

The orientation and structure of pyridine adsorbed on a highly ordered Au(111) surface from 0.1 M NaClO4 + x M (10-6 ≤ x ≤ 10-3) pyridine aqueous solutions have been investigated as a function of applied potential by in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Symmetric in-plane pyridine ring vibrations (A1 modes) were observed in the SEIRA spectra at potentials positive of about −0.3 V versus SCE, while asymmetric in-plane ring vibrations (B1 modes) were hardly detected. The symmetric ring-breathing mode showed a blue shift upon adsorption, indicating the adsorption via the N atom. The band intensities were found not to be proportional to the surface concentration (the relative Gibbs surface excess) reported in the literature. On the basis of the surface selection rule in SEIRAS, the results are explained in terms of the potential-dependent reorientation of pyridine. The molecule is flatly adsorbed on the surface at negative potentials, and its molecular plane rises up as the applied potential increases and the surface concentration increases. Flat-lying, tilted, and vertically standing pyridine molecules were observed at different potentials also by STM for the first time.

Adult height has directionally opposing relationships with risk of death from several different major causes of chronic diseases.

The burden of premature death and health loss from ESRD is well described. Less is known regarding the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to reduced GFR. We estimated the prevalence of reduced GFR categories 3, 4, and 5 (not on RRT) for 188 countries at six time points from 1990 to 2013. Relative risks of cardiovascular outcomes by three categories of reduced GFR were calculated by pooled random effects meta-analysis. Results are presented as deaths for outcomes of cardiovascular disease and ESRD and as disability-adjusted life years for outcomes of cardiovascular disease, GFR categories 3, 4, and 5, and ESRD. In 2013, reduced GFR was associated with 4% of deaths worldwide, or 2.2 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 2.0 to 2.4 million). More than half of these attributable deaths were cardiovascular deaths (1.2 million; 95% UI, 1.1 to 1.4 million), whereas 0.96 million (95% UI, 0.81 to 1.0 million) were ESRD-related deaths. Compared with metabolic risk factors, reduced GFR ranked below high systolic BP, high body mass index, and high fasting plasma glucose, and similarly with high total cholesterol as a risk factor for disability-adjusted life years in both developed and developing world regions. In conclusion, by 2013, cardiovascular deaths attributed to reduced GFR outnumbered ESRD deaths throughout the world. Studies are needed to evaluate the benefit of early detection of CKD and treatment to decrease these deaths.