We developed new sandwich cup method to assay the penetration of various antimicrobial agents through Pseudomonas exopolysaccharides. Using alginate extracted from mucoid‐type Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gellan gum from Pseudomonas elodea, the role of exopolysaccharides as a barrier against drug penetration was examined. The penetration of positively charged hydrophilic drugs such as aminoglycosides and polypeptides was markedly inhibited by the gels tested, but that of β‐lactams, quinolones, and macrolides was not inhibited. The penetration of gentamicin was strongly influenced by the gel concentration, the solution to be used, and the presence of Ca2+. These results suggest that the microenvironment at the infection site could greatly influence drug penetration through biofilms in vivo.
We investigated the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) in an ultrathin Ir-doped Fe layer with a CoxFe1−x termination layer. The VCMA effect depends on the concentration of the CoxFe1−x alloy, and a large VCMA coefficient, as high as −350 fJ/Vm, was obtained with a Co-rich termination layer. First principles calculations revealed that the increased VCMA effect is due not only to the added Co atoms but also to the Fe and Ir atoms adjacent to the Co atoms. Interface engineering using CoFe termination is also effective for recovering the tunneling magnetoresistance while maintaining a high VCMA effect. The developed structure is applicable for voltage-controlled magnetoresistive devices.
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