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In order to predict the inelastic response of reinforced concrete structures under dynamic earthquake loading, hysteretic behaviour of their structural components must be evaluated appropriately. Though various restoring force models have already been proposed for beams and columns, hysteretic behaviour of flexural type shear walls remains unclear in many respects. In this paper, an evaluation method of distributing the total deformation of a shear wall into the flexural and shear deformation is mentioned and an analytical one of evaluating these deformations is proposed. The comparison of analytical results with test results of shear walls is carried out.

Japan is subjected to frequent seismic activity. On January 17, 1995, the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake hit the Hanshin-Awaji region, a heavily populated area in western Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that the magnitude was 7.2 and the epicenter was 16km underneath this region. About 6300 people died, and more than 150,000 buildings were destroyed in and around the area with seismic intensity of VII, which is the highest level on the JMA scale. Reports on this earthquake disaster are extensive, such as the 10-volumes for building series edited by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) and the 12-volumes for civil engineering series edited by the Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE), both series in Japanese. Here, based on these series edited by AIJ and JSCE, we give an overview of this earthquake, the related geological settlings, geotechnical conditions, strong ground motions, damage statistics, and structural damage to buildings, to infrastructures, to lifelines, and to other facilities such as associated mechanical equipment, elevators, and emergency power supply. Then, we report earthquake mitigation measures proposed by AIJ and JSCE based on lessons learned from this 1995 earthquake.Key Words: 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake, Ground Motions, Soil Conditions, Structural Damages, Buildings, Civil Engineering Structures INTRODUCTIONKobe city in the Hyogo-ken Nanbu region is near the ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto established more than 1500 years ago, and is spreading long along the Osaka Bay with the Rokko mountain rizing behind. Also Kobe is surrounded by the Osaka plain, the Sasayama basin, the Nara basin and etc. Numerous historical descriptions of natural and social phenomena related to strong earthquakes in this region are available for seismic study. Along the neighboring active fault system involed the Arima-Takatsuki tectonic line, a strong earthquake occurred in 1956. The 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake with JMA magnitude of 7.2, however, was the first strong intra-plate earthquake in the recent seismic active period in this region. Based on historical records, this is the first recorded strong earthquake whose epicenter was located in the Kobe and Awaji regions where the fault plane of the -2 -main shock of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake occurred. The 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake (hereafter called "the Earthquake") struck the Hanshin area and Awaji Island, and killed about 6300 people and seriously damaged more than 150,000 structures and facilities in highly urbanized zones, such as the Kobe and Osaka areas. The most seriously damaged structures were concentrated near the active fault zone and/or in soft ground such as reclaimed landfills.Here, based on reports on the Earthquake disaster edited by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) and the Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE), we give an overview of the Earthquake, the related geological settlements, geotechnical conditions, strong ground motions, damage statistics, and damage to b...

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