An elevation in intra-abdominal pressure is the clinical condition referred as abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The prevalence varies depending on the patient characteristics considered, exponentially rising in life-threatening situations such as trauma, shock and burn patients. The syndrome can also occur after surgical operations like abdominal organ transplantation, post-transplant kidney syndrome among various others. All physiological systems, but particularly the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and neurological systems, are impacted by ACS. Blood flow to numerous organs is influenced by ACS and intra-abdominal hypertension. Recognizing and identifying ACS, its risk factors, and clinical symptoms can help to lower the associated morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about ACS: risk factors, complications and treatment. ACS is a fatal condition if not diagnosed and treated timely. Patients who have undergone extensive abdominal surgery, experienced septic issues, received intensive fluid replacement, sustained abdominal trauma are at an increased risk of developing ACS. Multiple-organ failure, prolonged recovery, acute kidney injury, low cardiac output, elevated cranial pressure and respiratory distress are the complications of ACS. ACS can occur regardless of the primary diagnosis or treating medical speciality. Surgical decompression, vascular volume replacement, prokinetic drugs, efficient curarization, and percutaneous drainage of large-volume ascites are the treatment strategies for ACS. Combining the underlying disease's therapy approach, patient stabilization, and ACS management is necessary to establish the best course of care. Early detection of ACS is essential for management and the treatment of the patients.

Toxic megacolon is an inflammatory condition that affects the colon, leading to nonobstructive dilatation and serious morbidity. It can be found as total and segmental. In the present literature review, we have discussed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations of toxic megacolon based on relevant data from studies in the literature. Unfortunately, reports regarding the prevalence and incidence of toxic megacolon are scarce. Therefore, it is difficult to draw a suitable conclusion in this context, and further studies are encouraged. Nevertheless, infection with Clostridium difficile might be the commonest etiology, and estimates indicate that this is a significant risk factor for developing the condition. In addition, colonic motility is usually inhibited by the significant presence of certain inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, the clinical manifestations of toxic megacolon are not very specific, and the diagnosis can be made through adequate history taking, together with clinical and radiological manifestations. Finally, prompt management of the condition is essential to intervene against the development of serious complications.

There is currently no specific evidence regarding the exact etiology of anal fissures. However, various management options were reported and validated among the relevant research. Lateral internal sphincterotomy has been validated among relevant investigations in the literature as a valid modality for managing patients with chronic anal fissures. In the present literature review, we formulated evidence based on these studies to compare open and closed techniques of this surgery according to the reported outcomes. However, evidence regarding the superiority of either of the techniques over the other is not consistent among these investigations. For instance, some studies reported that closed sphincterotomy is more favorable than the open approach and should be considered the treatment choice for chronic anal fissures. This is because the technique is associated with less frequent rates of complications, less expensive, safe, and effective. On the other hand, many other relevant studies also demonstrated that the reported outcomes for the two modalities exhibited non-significant differences. Therefore, we suggest that researchers should furtherly conduct additional investigations before drawing any conclusions in this field.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are two major inflammatory disorders of the intestinal wall collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most significant and grave consequence of IBD and is preceded by dysplasia in majority of the cases. In this review we aim to discuss the various types of dysplasia found in patients with CRC due to IBD. A thorough literature search was conducted in online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, from which all studies published in the last ten years were included in this review. The major development in diagnostic procedures and visualization modalities have aided our understanding of dysplasia, which is now known to be the strongest predictor and marker for CRC development. However, the unpredictable behavior and progression of dysplasia still warrants vigilant surveillance. Dysplasia has been classified on histological characteristics using grades of dysplasia from ‘negative for dysplasia’ to ‘high grade dysplasia’. On visibility via an endoscope from ‘visible dysplasia’ to ‘invisible dysplasia’ and macroscopic features of ‘conventional dysplasia’ and ‘non-conventional dysplasia’. No single classification can be utilized to define the stage of dysplasia and more importantly predict its progression and outcome of CRC. Using evidence-based medicine an integrated classification expanding on a management algorithm must be formulated by a panel of experts to steer management of the disease. A multidisciplinary, tailored approach with a strong emphasis on regular and timely surveillance to ensure early detection of CRC can enhance quality of life and patient outcomes.

Malnutrition is a major health problem in cancer evident in up to 80% of patients. It was associated with high mortality and morbidity, especially with surgical treatment of cancer. That is why many studies are investigating efficient treatment for this problem. One of these treatments is immunomodulatory nutrition. Immunomodulatory nutrition has shown efficacy towards malnutrition, immune status, and other comorbidities. However, there is still a debate about whether it is efficient or not. Five databases were searched using specific search terms. We only included randomized controlled trials that studied the efficacy of preoperative immunomodulatory nutrition before surgical treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoma. The studies were assessed for the quality of evidence. Twenty-three studies were included for the systematic review. Most studies had a low risk of bias. We assessed the efficacy of immunomodulatory nutrition regarding immune markers, infectious complications, non-infectious complications, biological markers, the length of stay, and mortality. Immunomodulatory nutrition has significantly enhanced immune status, biological markers, and post-operative complications. However, it does not have a significant improvement in the mortality rate or hospitalization duration. The immunomodulatory nutrition has promising results in enhancing immune status, and biological markers. However, its effect on post-operative infectious and non-infectious complications is still under debate. Immunomodulatory nutrition had no effect on mortality rates among cancer patients.