The article is of a scientific nature and its main goal is to determine whether there is discrimination in the regulatory provisions regarding the payment of canal dues by international overseas carriers. The methodological basis of the research is the use of the comparative approach (comparison of various concepts and provisions regarding the payment of canal dues) and the empirical analysis (study of court practice). The method of the discrimination test is of decisive importance for this paper. The most important conclusions on the discriminatory nature of the regulatory provisions regarding the payment of canal dues by international carriers were formulated due to the use of the discrimination test. It has been proven that the changes in the legislation, which introduced the canal dues for Ukrainian carriers that carry out international overseas transportation, are not discriminatory. It was argued that the discrimination test of the disputed subject and the arguments of its participants should be applied in the process of resolving the dispute regarding the discrimination of legal norms.

The main purpose of the article is the formation of a methodological approach that ensures the creation of such a legal framework that would provide protection in the process of land relations to ensure homeland security. Within the scope of the study, the main model and its characteristics were presented. To do this, the scientific task will be to find a new methodological approach to present the main stages of creating a legal framework for the protection of land relations in the system to ensure homeland security. The object of the study is safety and security in land relations. The research methodology involves the application of a methodical approach to modeling the formation of a legal framework for the legal protection of land relations in the homeland security system. The key methods were PEST and IDEF. As a result of the study, a methodological approach was proposed to model the stages of formation of the legal basis for ensuring the legal protection of land relations in the system of homeland security. The scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in the presented methodological approach, which contributed to the increase in the effectiveness of the formation of the legal basis for ensuring the legal protection of land relations in the system of homeland security. The ways of solving the problem presented in the model can be used in the framework of legal activities. The study is limited by taking into account legal and organizational aspects, but not environmental ones.

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Background: Abortion is an increasingly important issue since it is discussed from multiple points of view including medical, social, religious, and legal aspects. Abortion is an old topic that is continuously discussed from various perspectives including medicine, laws, and society. Abortion is an illegal in general terms, but it can be carried out under certain medical conditions for the interest of pregnant woman, if the pregnancy is threatening her life.. Objective: The aim of this article is updates of the literature about medico-legal aspects of the abortion. Methods: This is descriptive study about medico-legal aspects of the abortion based on searching this topic in the scientific literature deposited in on-line databases. Results and Discussion: . At global level, more and more women are opting to terminate their pregnancies for societal reasons. It is estimated that 50 million unborn babies are terminated every year across the globe, causing the lives of 200,000 pregnant women and the agony of millions more people. It is a difficult decision to conduct abortion. In this study, a comprehensive review of the literature was made to discuss abortion from medical, legal, and cultural points of view. In general, abortion was legally discussed because legal aspects involve the various perspectives. Conclusion: From religious points of view, abortion implies ending the life of the fetus. The right of life is to be kept. The international laws do not permit abortion and criminalize the parties involved in its existence unless it is recognized it is crucial to save the life of pregnant woman..

The article is devoted to an in-depth study of the role of various methods in the investigation of fraud in corporations. The purpose of the article is to systematize types of commercial fraud and methods of its detection. The main research methods used in the article are general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative analysis, which became the basis for obtaining research results. Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions can be drawn. The article summarizes the main types of fraud that can be investigated in corporations. The main sources of information used to detect fraud are systematized, namely: Structured, Unstructured, Semi-structured. After comparing the types of fraud and the types of data used to detect fraud, a matrix "Relationship between types of fraud and types of data used to detect fraud" was developed to help choose the right sources of information for detecting criminal activity. A study of the role of internal teams in the investigation of fraud was carried out according to such impact criteria as: The frequency of investigation of various types of fraud; The amount of time teams spend investigating fraud; Average amount of time required to conduct a fraud investigation; Average number of days it takes to close a fraud case.