The fault is inevitable in case of the wireless sensor network (WSN) because of its remote deployment and constrained architecture. In literature, many algorithms have been proposed to address several types of fault in the WSN lifecycle. In the context of fault tolerance, the clustering method has been adopted as a proven technique. Heintzelman et al. first considered the clustering technique and proposed the seminal low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm for fault handling in WSN. In this study, the authors propose a LEACH variant clustering convention called partitioned-based energy-efficient-LEACH (PE-LEACH) protocol which tends to the energy-based fault-tolerant technique. They also study and present a taxonomy on LEACH variants. The execution of PE-LEACH is analysed against its predecessors; hard-computing based LEACH, energy-efficient LEACH (E-LEACH) convention and soft-computing-based energy-swarm-optimisation LEACH (ESO-LEACH). They have found through their recreation that PE-LEACH outperforms than LEACH and E-LEACH separately whereas, for ESO-LEACH the PE-LEACH is a tough competitor.

Global climate change and the rapid population growth have been seriously impacting water sources. The existing traditional water distribution network (WDN) fails to manage proper water distribution according to the consumption rate. The current situation demands an intelligent water management and treatment model to keep water available in the long run. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is a combination of the Internet of Things and information which introduces machine-to-machine communication with data for management. An ICT-based WDN which helps in monitoring excessive water supply and preventing water loss is proposed. The designed architecture is based on a heterogeneous wireless sensor network (WSN) and a smart tap which detects water loss and communicates the report to the utility centre. A fault-tolerant WSN routing scheme to handle the faulty situation during the transmission process is also proposed. The district of Sambalpur in Odisha, India is the chosen location for this study.

Ongoing research on remote communication and sensing essentially made accessible the flexible technology called 'wireless sensor network (WSN)', which is independent, self-organising and self-healing in nature. The WSN comprises an extensive number of homogeneous or heterogeneous sensor nodes that may be deployed in a uniform or non-uniform manner in a targeted zone. The organisation of WSN can be stretched out from residential to a harsh and hostile environment. The manageability of WSN is very subjective to an efficient adaptation to the failure situations. In this line of thought, clustering has been proven as an efficient strategy for prolonging the sensor network lifetime and selecting the correct topological structure for the sensor network. The authors' first present a survey of existing survey works from 2002 to 2019 and then present a tutorial on existing fault-tolerant protocols with a comparative analysis. The target audience of this work is novice researchers in the field of WSN to get a preliminary idea about clustering and its objective.

The study aims to understand the various types of faults occur in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The primary objective of the fault-tolerant technique is to enhance the robustness and self-healing capacity of sensor network. The resource constraint environment, remote deployment and harsh monitoring conditions frequently invite different types of faults in WSN. The fault can be handled in two ways such as fault tolerance and fault prevention method. The novelty of this state-of-art is, the authors propose two new algorithms named Uniform Energy Clustering for fault tolerance and Population-Based Clustering for fault prevention. The result of the simulation is satisfactory in comparison to existing algorithms such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Stable Election Protocol, Virtual Area Partition-Energy and Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Multi-Path Hierarchical protocols. In addition to these new algorithms, they also propose a unique taxonomy on fault which is based on sensitivity issues of specific applications. PBC (Population-Based Clustering), which is a fault prevention mechanism. The UEC algorithm is based on the equal energy distribution among clusters, whereas the PBC focus on the mapping of CH according to the cluster population. The UEC algorithm performance has been compared against Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Stable Election Protocol (SEP), whereas the PBC algorithm performance has been compared against Virtual Area Partition-Energy (VAP-E) and Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Multi-Path Hierarchical (EAMMH) protocols. The results of our simulation prove that both UEC and PBC protocols perform better than their ancestors. The deep literature survey concludes that there are two major proven methodologies exist for energy management that are (i) clustering and (ii) routing [3]. Sensitivity: Here, the term sensitivity defines the impact of consequences that occurs due to fault occurrence. The use of sensors is very common in a modern digitised era where everything eventually accommodated with sensors. When these sensors get fail because of any reason it generates some level of impact on the overall performance and design of the system. The consequences of faults can be gauged by various factors such as time, money, effort. On the basis of this, we have been proposed a unique sensitivity based taxonomy in Section 3. Clustering: Cluster formation is an essential part of the routing mechanism. The cluster may form with homogeneous or heterogeneous SNs. The objective behind clustering is as the SNs are limited with energy, therefore, the direct communication with BS is not suitable by considering efficient energy management. Normally, each cluster is controlled by a dominated CH node, which is responsible for regulating the cluster members (CMs) and additionally performs data collection & aggregation operation [4]. The details about various clustering technologies can be found in [5, 6]. Routing: Routing is a best practice adopted by clusters of WSN to select appropriate CH and to choose t...

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