Our results indicated that older men with nocturnal polyuria and OSAS did not compensate their fluid imbalance presented with decreased secretion of ADH but increased BNP level.

BackgroundWe investigated the differences between the preferential primary therapy conceived by the primary doctors and the primary therapy actually conducted for prostate cancer patients in Nara, Japan.MethodsThe distribution of primary therapy and clinical characteristics of 2303 prostate cancer patients - diagnosed between 2004 and 2006 at Nara Medical University and its 23 affiliated hospitals - were assessed. Moreover, the preferential primary therapy for the patients at each clinical stage (cT1-T3bN0M0) conceived by the primary doctors was investigated and compared to the actual therapy.ResultsOf all patients, 51% received primary androgen deprivation therapy (PADT), 30% underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), and 14% received radiation therapy (RT). The preferential primary therapy for cT1-2N0M0 was RP (92%) while 38% of the patients actually received PADT (RP: 40%). For cT3aN0M0, the preferential primary therapy was both RP and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) while 58% of the patients actually received PADT (RP: 16%, EBRT: 24%). For cT3bN0M0, the most preferential primary therapy was EBRT (46%) while 67% of the patients actually received PADT (EBRT: 21%). This trend was more notable in the affiliated hospitals than in the University hospital. The hospitals with lower volume of RP per year significantly conducted PADT compared with those with higher volume of RP.ConclusionsPADT was commonly used to treat localized prostate cancer as well as locally advanced prostate cancer in Japan. There was a definite discrepancy between the preferential primary therapy conceived by the primary doctors and the actual therapy provided to the patients.

Bladder tumors were induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in five Beagles and four mongrel dogs. The tumors were observed for long periods and the tumor progression was traced using histopathological mapping. The results indicated (1) that low-dose BBN over a long period induced multiple low-grade (G1-2) and low-stage (pTa-1) papillary tumors, resembling superficial bladder cancer in humans; (2) that high-dose BBN over a short period induced high-grade (G2-3) and high-stage (pT3b) nonpapillary tumors and carcinoma in situ (CIS) resembling invasive cancer and CIS in humans; (3) that beagle dogs required longer periods and higher total doses of BBN as compared with mongrel dogs; (4) that the tumors induced by low-dose BBN in beagles were observed without BBN as long as the animals lived, and neither increasing numbers of tumors nor malignant features such as deep infiltration and metastasis was observed; and (5) that low-dose BBN seems to induce mild dysplasia, which is followed by Brunn's nest-like proliferation in the lamina propria and nodular change, eventually leading to the development of papillary noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC); and that high-dose BBN seems to induce severe dysplasia which leads to CIS and nonpapillary invasive TCC. These results may contribute to clarifying the natural history of human bladder cancer.

Highlight Bone is one of major metastatic site in patients with genitourinary (GU) cancer. Accurately predicting survival of patients with bone metastasis (BM) is essential. This external validation study proved high predictive accuracy of B-FOM score. B-FOM score is a simple scoring model based on five prognostic factors. B-FOM score is higher accurate tool comparing to other previously reported scores.

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