Vietnam is among the countries with the highest rate of HIV transmission through injecting drug users. HIV prevalence among injecting drug users is 20% and up to 50% in many provinces. An estimated number of drug users in the country by the end of 2011 were 171,000 in which the most common is heroin (85%). Detoxification at home, community, and in rehabilitation centers have been the main modalities for managing heroin addiction until Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) was piloted in 2008. Recent reports have demonstrated positive treatment outcomes. Incidence of HIV was found remarkably low among patients on MMT. Treatment has significantly improved the quality of life as well as stability for society. The government has granted the Ministry of Health (MoH) to expand Methadone treatment to at least 30 provinces to provide treatment for more than 80,000 drug users by 2015. The Vietnam Administration for HIV/AIDS Control (VAAC) and MOH have outlined the role and responsibility of key departments at the central and local levels in implementing and maintaining MMT treatment. This paper will describe the achievements of the MMT pilot program and the scaling-up plan as well as strategies to ensure quality and sustainability and to overcome the challenges in the coming years.

CuFe 2 O 4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles were utilized as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the direct synthesis of chemical structures containing both phenol ester and benzothiazole moieties via cross dehydrogenative coupling reactions. Several substrates were reactive towards the transformation in the presence of the nano catalyst, including benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, dibenzyl ether, 2-oxo-2-phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-iodo-1-phenylethanone. This nano catalyst displayed higher catalytic efficiency than many homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The nano CuFe 2 O 4 was easily isolated by using a magnet, and reutilize numerous times without a remarkable deterioration in catalytic performance. To our best knowledge, these reactions were not previously reported in the literature.

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