Chloroplasts serve as cold priming hubs modulating the transcriptional response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a second cold stimulus for several days by post-cold accumulation of thylakoid ascorbate peroxidases (tAPX). In an attempt to investigate cross-priming effects of cold on plant pathogen protection, we show here that such a single 24 h cold treatment at 4°C decreased the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), but did not alter resistance against the avirulent strains Pst avrRPM1 and Pst avrRPS4 or the effector-deficient Pst hrcC- strain. The effect of cold priming against Pst was active immediately after cold exposure and memorized for at least 5 days. The priming benefit was established independent of the immune regulator EDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) or activation of the immune-related genes NHL10, FRK1, ICS1 and PR1, but required thylakoid-bound as well as stromal ascorbate peroxidase activities as the effect was absent or weak in corresponding knock-out-lines. Suppression of tAPX post-cold regulation in a conditional-inducible tAPX-RNAi line lead to increased bacterial growth numbers. This highlights that the plant immune system benefits from post-cold regeneration of the protective chloroplast peroxidase system.

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of graphene oxide (GO) reduced with hydrazine and heat has been measured to investigate the effect of reduction type on the bandgap of the reduced GO. Nitrogen functionalities formed in the hydrazine-treated GO were responsible for a strong localization of carriers that caused in a fluctuation in PL peak position with temperature. The intensity of C-OH peak was relatively low in the heat-treated GO, indicating that raising temperature facilitated the removal of hydroxyl groups, resulting in larger sp2 domain size and smaller bandgap energy.

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This paper considers whether the moving average rules can forecast stock price movements and outperform a simple buy-and-hold strategy over the period from July 2000 to March 2011 on Vietnamese data. We concluded that the technical trading rules examined have strongly predictive ability in term of Vietnamese data. The rules have greater forecasting power for Vietnamese than those for some other Asian markets. Using all the VMA rules and averaging the results yields annualized profit of 39.05% before trading cost, compared to 37.29% in Thailand and 29.2% in some other emerging Asian markets. The profitability of short-term technical trading rules is better than that of longer-term ones. We realize that the (1,10,0) rule, (1,20,0) rule, and (1,50,0) rule are determined to be very effective in Vietnamese stock market because they allow investors to make a large excess returns before trading cost. Specially, unlike almost prior studies for other emerging markets, we prove that the technical trading rules are profitable, even after adjusting for trading costs. However, they are not effective to create access returns for investors in the Vietnamese market after reducing trading costs.