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Background: Insomnia and emotional disorders share common factors that underlie and perpetuate these disorders. The Unified Protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders is a new treatment approach designed to target core processes of emotional disorders. Objectives: The present study examined the effects of UP on behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic factors, as well as cognition and behaviors specific to insomnia, in a small sample of patients (N = 6) with comorbid insomnia and emotional disorders. Methods: A multiple-baseline across subjects single-case experimental design with a 3-month follow-up was used. Participants were allocated to 2, 4, and 6 baseline periods and then received 14 weekly individual sessions of UP. The outcome measures were Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scales (BIS/BAS), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (DERS), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-10 (DBAS-10), and Sleep-Related Behaviors Questionnaire (SRBQ). Data were analyzed using visual inspection, mixed model analysis, and reliable change index (RCI). Results:The mixed model analysis showed significant changes in BIS/BAS, ASI-3, DERS, DBAS-10, and SRBQ from pre-treatment to post-treatment. Most participants achieved a reliable change in BIS, ASI-3, DERS, DBAS-10, and SRBQ at a 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: This preliminary study provides empirical evidence on the utility of UP for reducing common vulnerability and sleepspecific factors in chronic insomnia comorbid with emotional disorders. Further research is needed to test these findings in randomized controlled studies.

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The purpose of the current study is to translate, test and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) in Persian language. Methods: Participants consisted of two samples: a clinical sample of 120 patients (58%) with insomnia disorder meeting DSM-5 criteria for insomnia and a non-clinical sample of 110 participants (42%) with normal sleep. Both samples completed the following measures: GSES, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale-10, Pre Sleep Arousal Scale-cognitive subscale, Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale-21 and sleep diary. Results: Significant correlations were found between GSES and related measures in both groups. Principal component analysis indicated a single component accounted for 64.77% of total variance in the clinical group. Results of the fit estimates for the one-factor model were consistent with the previously specified fit criteria and adequately fitted the data in the nonclinical group. Statistical analyses showed that the GSES has acceptable internal consistency in terms of Cronbach's Alpha in the clinical (0.75) and non-clinical (0.77) samples. Testretest reliability for a 4-week interval was significant (r = 0.70). The cut-off point, sensitivity, and specificity of the scale were 6, 85% and 94.5%, respectively. Conclusion:The Persian translated and validated version of the GSES obtained adequate values in psychometric properties in both clinical and non-clinical samples and it can be used for research and clinical purposes in Iran.

Objectives Relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD) is one of the forms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, focusing on intimate relationships. Identifying the mechanisms of ROCD can significantly expand our knowledge of the factors related to its development and exacerbation. This study aims to determine the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation and experiential avoidance in the relationship between attachment styles and the severity of ROCD symptoms. Methods Five hundred thirty-one participants (455 females and 76 males) were selected using convenient sampling from the general population of Iran. They completed the Experiences in close relationships-revised (ECR-R), the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS), the acceptance and action questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (ROCI) online. SPSS software, version 22 and AMOS version 24 were used to analyze data. Results Attachment styles had a significant correlation with difficulties in emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, and ROCD symptoms (P<0.01). Moreover, the two variables of difficulties in emotion regulation and experiential avoidance had a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and ROCD symptoms. Conclusion Attachment styles can predict the ROCD symptoms directly and indirectly by the difficulties in emotion regulation and experiential avoidance. Difficulties in emotion regulation and experiential avoidance should be considered in treatment of ROCD symptoms, especially in those with insecure attachment styles.