Globally Helicobacter pylori has been defined is the prime reason of stomach ulcer and gastric cancer. Medical laboratory analysis of H. pylori infection is done by two ways invasive and non- invasive methods. Invasive techniques frequently disapproved by patients because it is inconvenient but still remain reliable methods. Among invasive methods, culture is considered as gold standard method from which other methods are compared. A sum of eighty six persons with average of ages between  18-77 years old with mean 37.58 years ± (forty three males ,  forty three females) who visited to endoscopic center / Azadi Teaching Hospital for endoscopic examination from June to Oct. 2013.From everyone , two antral biopsies, one for urease test, the other for culture were collected. Biographies from each case were taken in a questionnaire form after approval by Research Ethics Committee of the college of medicine / Duhok university. H. pylorus was found in 37.2% and 68% by Culture and Rapid urease test respectively. The biggest value percentage of H. pylori positive cases was detected by rapid urease test while the fewest value percentage was by Culture. Combination of both tests it did not approve as a diagnostic test for detection of this pathogenic bacteria. The study did not detect any statistical correlation on the impact of age factor on H. pylori infection by both methods. In this research appear males were less positive for H. pylori than females by urease test and no such statistical association was noticed count on the sex and Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity via culture. Research never noticed any considerable correlation was found between smoking status and patient's residence with H. pylori positive cases by both methods. This study was performed to estimate the appropriate and better diagnostic tests for diagnosis of H. pylori among various types of samples. Due to the increasing incidence of treatment failure (caused in part by antibiotic resistance), post-treatment testing is recommended to confirm H. pylori eradication. Knowledge of the epidemic and the Routes of transmission of this pathogen are important points to avoid from spreading and may be useful in identifying high-risk populations, especially in areas that have high rates of gastric lymphoma, gastric cancer, and gastric ulcer. The current study concludes (RUT) was superlative than culture for the detection of Helicobacter pylori.

Recently has been observed globally that toxoplasmosis disease was caused by Toxoplasma gondii and generally its asymptomatic infection in people except pregnant women. Many previous studies were suggested this pathogen transmits by ingesting of undercooked or raw meat contaminated with the oocytes of this parasite. The study aimed to show the seroreactivity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant women and to evaluate association of studied risk factors with infected cases. ELISA technique used for detection of anti-toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies. A biography form interview for participant was performed to estimate between the risk factors and  toxoplasmosis. The present study was carried out from the beginning of October 2018 to the end of March 2019 and included 90 pregnant women visited Akre general hospital. Out of 90 tested samples, 49 (54.46%) and 4 (4.44%) were positive for IgG and IgM respectively. According to residency factor, pregnant women from villages had higher percentages of IgG (57.14%) and IgM (4.08%) than those lived in the city which were recorded 0% and 48.48%of IgM and IgG respectively. A high percentage of IgG (65.64%) and IgM (7.27%) were found among pregnant women with history of miscarriage. Seropositivity for both IgG (61.90 %) and IgM (9.52%) was higher among pregnant women who had cats compared to those without cat. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG was 9.67% and 54.83% among population who had undercooked meat, while 1.69% and 59.23% were positive for IgM and IgG respectively, in those well cooked meat meal. Highest positive percentage of IgG (77.77%) was recorded at ages 40-50 years while the lowest rate was (40%) at ages <20 year. Through a seropositive reaction was found that age groups as a possible risk factor by ELISA IgG in which risk increased by rising of age categories. Significant correlation was detected between consumption of undercooked meat and cases positive for IgM. It revealed the association between third trimester and cases with positive IgM. In the conclusion, toxoplasmosis is widespread in the area which requires raising awareness among pregnant women to decrease T. gondii infection and subsequently minimize possibilities of congenital transmission.

It has been well recognized throughout the world that Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of gastric ulcer and stomach carcinoma. Laboratory diagnosis of H. pylori infection is made by invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods require endoscopy which is uncomfortable an unacceptable by the most patients. Therefore, non-invasive methods particularly serological tests are easier and comfortable for patients.  A total of 86 patients with ages ranging from 18-77 years old (43 males and 43 females) who were referred to the Duhok Hepatology & Gastroenterology center/Azadi Teaching Hospital for endoscopic examination from June to October, 2013 were enrolled in the study. From each patient 5 ml of blood was collected under a septic condition and sera were separated for serology. Data from each participant were recorded in a special questionnaire form after consent agreed upon on ethical and scientific committee of the Azadi hospital. The efficacy of three different ELISA tests (IgG, IgM, IgA) was assessed taking culture as a gold standard method. pylori was found in 70.93%, 30.23% and 5.81% by ELISA IgG, IgA and IgM tests respectively. The highest percentage (70.93%) of H. pylori positive cases were found by ELISA IgG and the lowest percentage (5.81%) was recorded in ELISA IgM. The study found a significant relationship between age groups and H. pylori positive cases by ELISA IgG in which positive cases increased with the increase of ages. No statistical correlation was found between the sex, smoking status and residency of studied patients with H. pylori infection. A significant correlation was found between patients without endoscopic lesions and positive cases for H. pylori by ELISA IgG in which 75.67% of patients without endoscopic lesions were positive for anti-H. pylori antibodies compared to 41.66% in patients with endoscopic lesions. The efficacy of IgG, IgM and IgA tests was calculated compared with golden standard tests and ELISA IgG characterized by the highest values of sensitivity (75.75%), negative predictive value (36.00%) and accuracy (86.00%) but with lowest specificity (45.00%) and similar positive predictive value (81.96%) with IgM and IgA. The lowest sensitivity was 5.97% and accuracy 25.56% with ELISA Ig M. From the results of the present study we can conclude that among ELISA tests, anti-H. pylori IgG is a reliable serological test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.