Spontaneous Lorentz violation realized through a nonlinear vector field constraint of the type A µ A µ = M 2 (M is the proposed scale for Lorentz violation) is shown to generate massless vector Goldstone bosons, gauging the starting global internal symmetries in arbitrary relativistically invariant theories. The gauge invariance appears in essence as a necessary condition for these bosons not to be superfluously restricted in degrees of freedom, apart from the constraint due to which the true vacuum in a theory is chosen by the Lorentz violation. In the Abelian symmetry case the only possible theory proves to be QED with a massless vector Goldstone boson naturally associated with the photon, while the non-Abelian symmetry case results in a conventional Yang-Mills theory. These theories, both Abelian and non-Abelian, look essentially nonlinear and contain particular Lorentz (and CP T ) violating couplings when expressed in terms of the pure Goldstone vector modes. However, they do not lead to physical Lorentz violation due to the simultaneously generated gauge invariance.

We have previously identified a rice gene encoding a 27 kDa protein with a single Ca2+-binding EF-hand and a putative membrane anchor. We report here similar genes termed caleosins, CLO, in other plants and fungi; they comprise a multigene family of at least five members in Arabidopsis (AtClo1-5). Northern hybridization demonstrated that AtClo2-4 mRNAs levels were low in various tissues, while AtClo1 mRNA levels were high in developing embryos and mature seeds. Analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the GUS reporter under control of the AtClo1 promoter showed strong levels of expression in developing embryos and also in root tip cells. Antibodies raised against AtCLO1 were used to detect caleosin in cellular fractions of Arabidopsis and rapeseed. This indicated that caleosins are a novel class of lipid body proteins, which may also be associated with an ER subdomain.

The Casimir energy for the transverse oscillations of a piecewise uniform string in Minkowski space is calculated. The string consists in general of 2 N pieces of equal length, of alternating type I and type I1 material, endowed with different tensions TI, TII and mass densities P I , p11 but adjusted in such a way that the velocity of sound always equals the velocity of light. This string model (with N = 1) was introduced by the present authors in 1990. In the present paper, the governing equations are formulated in the case of arbitrary integers N, although detailed calculations are restricted to the case N = 2, i.e., a four-piece string. The Casimir energy is regularized using (i) the contour integration technique introduced by van Kampen, Nijboer, and Schram, and (ii) the Hurwitz <-function technique introduced by Li, Shi, and Zhang. The energy is found as a function of the tension ratio x = T I / T I I .The finite temperature version of the theory is also given.PACS number(s): 03.70.+k, ll.lO.Gh, 11.1O.W~ I. I N T R O D U C T I O N

We put forward ideas to a novel string field theory based on making some "objects" that essentially describe "liberated" left-and right-mover fields X µ L (τ + σ) and X µ R (τ −σ) on the string. Our novel string field theory is completely definitely different from any other string theory in as far as a "null set" of information in the string field theory Fock space has been removed relatively, to the usual string field theories. So our theory is definitely new. The main progress is that we manage to make our novel string field theory provide the correct mass square spectrum for the string. We finally suggest how to obtain the Veneziano amplitude in our model.

The present paper is based on the assumption that heavy quarks bound states exist in the Standard Model (SM). Considering New Bound States (NBS) of top–antitop quarks (named T-balls) we have shown that: (1) there exists the scalar 1S-bound state of [Formula: see text]; (2) the forces which bind the top-quarks are very strong and almost completely compensate the mass of the twelve top–antitop-quarks in the scalar NBS; (3) such strong forces are produced by the Higgs–top-quarks interaction with a large value of the top-quark Yukawa coupling constant gt≃1. Theory also predicts the existence of the NBS [Formula: see text], which is a color triplet and a fermion similar to the t'-quark of the fourth generation. We have also considered the "b-quark-replaced" NBS, estimated the masses of the lightest fermionic NBS: M NBS ≳300 GeV , and discussed the larger masses of T-balls. We have developed a theory of the scalar T-ball's condensate and predicted the existence of three SM phases. Searching for heavy quark bound states at the Tevatron and LHC is discussed. We have constructed the possible form-factors of T-balls, and estimated the charge multiplicity coming from the T-ball's decays.