Background Complex traumatic events associated with armed conflict, forcible displacement, childhood sexual abuse, and domestic violence are increasingly prevalent. People exposed to complex traumatic events are at risk of not only posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but also other mental health comorbidities. Whereas evidence-based psychological and pharmacological treatments are effective for single-event PTSD, it is not known if people who have experienced complex traumatic events can benefit and tolerate these commonly available treatments. Furthermore, it is not known which components of psychological interventions are most effective for managing PTSD in this population. We performed a systematic review and component network meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological interventions for managing mental health problems in people exposed to complex traumatic events.

Background People with a history of complex traumatic events typically experience trauma and stressor disorders and additional mental comorbidities. It is not known if existing evidence-based treatments are effective and acceptable for this group of people. Objective To identify candidate psychological and non-pharmacological treatments for future research. Design Mixed-methods systematic review. Participants Adults aged ≥ 18 years with a history of complex traumatic events. Interventions Psychological interventions versus control or active control; pharmacological interventions versus placebo. Main outcome measures Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, common mental health problems and attrition. Data sources Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (1937 onwards); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (from inception); EMBASE (1974 to 2017 week 16); International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 onwards); MEDLINE and MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print and In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations (1946 to present); Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) (1987 onwards); PsycINFO (1806 to April week 2 2017); and Science Citation Index (1900 onwards). Searches were conducted between April and August 2017. Review methods Eligible studies were singly screened and disagreements were resolved at consensus meetings. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and a bespoke version of a quality appraisal checklist used by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. A meta-analysis was conducted across all populations for each intervention category and for population subgroups. Moderators of effectiveness were assessed using metaregression and a component network meta-analysis. A qualitative synthesis was undertaken to summarise the acceptability of interventions with the relevance of findings assessed by the GRADE-CERQual checklist. Results One hundred and four randomised controlled trials and nine non-randomised controlled trials were included. For the qualitative acceptability review, 4324 records were identified and nine studies were included. The population subgroups were veterans, childhood sexual abuse victims, war affected, refugees and domestic violence victims. Psychological interventions were superior to the control post treatment for reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms (standardised mean difference –0.90, 95% confidence interval –1.14 to –0.66; number of trials = 39) and also for associated symptoms of depression, but not anxiety. Trauma-focused therapies were the most effective interventions across all populations for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Multicomponent and trauma-focused interventions were effective for negative self-concept. Phase-based approaches were also superior to the control for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression and showed the most benefit for managing emotional dysregulation and interpersonal problems. Only antipsychotic medication was effective for reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms; medications were not effective for mental comorbidities. Eight qualitative studies were included. Interventions were more acceptable if service users could identify benefits and if they were delivered in ways that accommodated their personal and social needs. Limitations Assessments about long-term effectiveness of interventions were not possible. Studies that included outcomes related to comorbid psychiatric states, such as borderline personality disorder, and populations from prisons and humanitarian crises were under-represented. Conclusions Evidence-based psychological interventions are effective and acceptable post treatment for reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and depression and anxiety in people with complex trauma. These interventions were less effective in veterans and had less of an impact on symptoms associated with complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Future work Definitive trials of phase-based versus non-phase-based interventions with long-term follow-up for post-traumatic stress disorder and associated mental comorbidities. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017055523. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 43. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows:Our primary objective is to examine mental health and well-being, mental health service usage, and adverse effects of Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training on recipients of the intervention.We have three secondary objectives: 1. To examine the effects of MHFA training on recipients of the trainees' intervention, in terms of their knowledge about mental health and attitudes towards mental health problems. 2. To examine the effects of MHFA training on trainees' knowledge about mental health, attitudes towards mental health problems, number of encounters with people with mental health problems, and their own mental health and well-being.3. To examine the effects on organisations, looking at measures of absenteeism and productivity at work.

Participants preferred individual self-monitoring and goal-setting to social features of the app.There were no significant changes in sedentary time; participants perceived a need for more opportunities for breaks in the workplace. Mental health-related quality of life improved from baseline to month 8 (SF-12 mental component score +1.75 points, 95% CI 0.28-3.23). Despite interview-reported improvements in health and wellbeing, survey-assessed changes in physical health-related quality of life, perceived stress and perceived productivity were not statistically significant.Conclusion mHealth technology is a potentially impactful, feasible and acceptable intervention for increasing PA in the police force, particularly for less active officers and staff. The intervention was less useful for reducing sedentary time and the impact on health, wellbeing, stress and productivity is unclear.