∙ Molt patterns, often useful for determining age of individuals and, hence, demographic structure of a population, are generally poorly known for resident Neotropical birds. Neotropical woodpeckers are no exception to this latitudinal bias. We focused on the Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Melanerpes striatus) to study molt in regards to age and phenology. The objectives of this study were: (1) to provide the first description of the Hispaniolan Woodpecker’s molt pattern, and (2) to describe the relationship of molt within the breeding phenology. For six consecutive breeding seasons (March–July) from 2012 to 2017, we monitored a color‐banded population of the Hispaniolan Woodpeckers in a mid‐elevation (~ 600 m a.s.l.) landscape of wet forest fragments and cattle pastures in the Dominican Republic. We analyzed standardized photos taken during banding sessions to characterize patterns of retained and replaced feathers, resulting in an accurate method for aging. We found similarities in primary covert replacement and differences in secondary replacement patterns to those of congeners. Breeding birds, regardless of sex, were just as likely to be molting as non‐breeding birds showing breeding‐molt overlap. We suggest possible reasons for this pattern occurring in primarily tropical avian taxa including ample availability of resources and parasitism defense. This is one of the only studies to document this on an individual rather than population level.Resumen ∙ Sobreposición de la fenología de muda y la reproducción del carpintero de la española (Melanerpes striatus) Los patrones de muda, comúnmente utilizados para determinar la edad de los individuos y, por lo tanto, la estructura demográfica de una población, son poco conocidos para las aves residentes Neotropicales. Los pájaros carpinteros tropicales no son una excepción a este sesgo latitudinal. Nos centramos en el Carpintero de La Española (Melanerpes striatus) para estudiar la muda tanto en lo que respecta a la edad y la fenología. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (1) presentar la primera descripción del patrón de muda del Carpintero de la Española y (2) describir su relación con la fenología reproductiva. Durante seis temporadas reproductivas consecutivas, de marzo a julio, desde el 2012 a 2017, monitoreamos una población de Carpinteros de la Española marcados con anillos de color, en un paisaje de elevación media (~ 600 m s.n.m) compuesto por fragmentos de bosque húmedo y pasturas en la República Dominicana. Analizamos las fotos tomadas de manera estandarizada durante el anillamiento para identificar patrones retención y reemplazo de plumas viejas y nuevas. En base a estos resultados desarrollamos un método exacto para determinar la edad. Encontramos similitudes en los patrones del reemplazo de las cubiertas primarias y diferencias en patrones de reemplazo de secundarias con patrones descriptos para otras especies del género. No hubo diferencia en la probabilidad de encontrar muda en de pájaros carpinteros reproductores y los no reproductores, demostrando la superposición de muda y reproducción. Sugerimos causas por las cuales éste patrón ocurre principalmente aves tropicales, incluyendo un incremento en la disponibilidad de recursos y mecanismos de defensa de parásitos. Este es uno de los pocos estudios que documentan este patrón en un nivel individual en vez de población.
Hippoboscids or louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) are obligate hematophages highly specialized for an ectoparasitic life in the feathers or fur of avian or mammalian hosts, respectively. As part of an existing avian monitoring program in the Dominican Republic, two cases of parasitism by louse flies in a Black-faced Grassquit (Melanospiza bicolor) and a Green Heron (Butorides virescens) were reported. In the laboratory, the flies were examined and identified as the species Ornithoctona erythrocephala. This is the first time this hippoboscid has been observed parasitizing these two bird species, and indeed the first record of it parasitizing a species of the family Thraupidae. Keywords Caribbean, Dominican Republic, ectoparasite, Hippoboscidae, Hispaniola, Ornithoctona erythrocephala Resumen Nuevos registros de especies hospederas de una mosca parásita (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) en bosques montanos de La Española • Los hipobóscidos o moscas piojo (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) son hematófagos obligados altamente especializados para una vida ectoparásita en las plumas de las aves o el pelaje de los mamíferos hospederos. Como parte de un programa de monitoreo de aves que existe en la República Dominicana, se reportaron dos casos de parasitismo por moscas piojos en Melanospiza bicolor y Butorides virescens. En el laboratorio, las moscas fueron examinadas e identificadas como la especie Ornithoctona erythrocephala. Esta es la primera vez que se observa que este hipobóscido parasita a estas dos especies de aves y, de hecho, el primer registro de que parasita una especie de la familia Thraupidae. Palabras clave Caribe, ectoparásito, Hippoboscidae, La Española, Ornithoctona erythrocephala, República Dominicana Résumé Nouvelles mentions d’espèces hôtes d’une mouche parasite (Diptera : Hippoboscidae) dans les forêts de montagne d’Hispaniola • Les hippobosques ou mouches plates (Diptera : Hippoboscidae) sont des espèces hématophages obligatoires hautement spécialisées pour une vie ectoparasitaire dans les plumes des oiseaux ou la fourrure des mammifères. Dans le cadre d’un programme de suivi de l’avifaune en République dominicaine, deux cas de parasitisme par des hippobosques ont été signalés sur un Sporophile cici (Melanospiza bicolor) et un Héron vert (Butorides virescens). En laboratoire, les mouches ont été examinées et identifiées comme appartenant à l’espèce Ornithoctona erythrocephala. C’est la première fois que cet hippobosque est observé comme parasite de ces deux espèces d’oiseaux et comme parasite d’une espèce de la famille des Thraupidae. Mots clés Caraïbes, ectoparasite, Hippoboscidae, Hispaniola, Ornithoctona erythrocephala, République dominicaine
Secondary nectar robbing is poorly studied in hummingbirds. Here, we provide an updated list of hummingbird species reported to be secondary nectar robbers and give the first detailed account of secondary nectar robbing by a Volcano Hummingbird (Selasphorus flammula) that obtained nectar through holes made by a Slaty Flowerpiercer (Diglossa plumbea) in two species of plants with long tubular flowers.
While traditional methods of tracking species, collecting specimens, and performing surveys are known to be accurate, additional opportunities to broaden the data pool are evolving. Community science data has emerged as a new way of gathering large amounts of data, but little research has been done on its reliability for making predictions for unsurveyed locations. The goal of this project was to test the reliability of eBird data as the primary dataset for ecological niche modeling by determining the accuracy of models derived from the community-science based eBird dataset compared to known surveying efforts. I made species distribution models of 676 bird species in Costa Rica based on eBird observations to predict which species would be found in two localities in Costa Rica. I compared these predictions with field surveys to understand the performance of the models. Overall, I found that while spatio-temporal factors can affect the accuracy of ecological models, eBird data have great potential for predicting under-surveyed communities. The models more accurately predicted the community composition in the rural study site as opposed to the more urban site, and the accuracy of the models increased when compared with data that covered a two month as opposed to one month time period. I tested to see how the number of observations per species influenced the predictive ability of the models and determined that an intermediate number of observations (~150) led to better predictions. This study demonstrates that community science data can be an informative and cost effective way to predict communities in remote areas, and I identify steps that can be taken to improve these methods for future studies.
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