With dermatologic side effects being fairly prevalent following vaccination against COVID‐19, and the multitude of studies aiming to report and analyze these adverse events, the need for an extensive investigation on previous studies seemed urgent, in order to provide a thorough body of information about these post‐COVID‐19 immunization mucocutaneous reactions. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive electronic search was performed through the international databases including Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, Web of science, and Google scholar on July 12, 2021, and all articles regarding mucocutaneous manifestations and considerations after COVID‐19 vaccine administration were retrieved using the following keywords: COVID‐19 vaccine, dermatology considerations and mucocutaneous manifestations. A total of 917 records were retrieved and a final number of 180 articles were included in data extraction. Mild, moderate, severe and potentially life‐threatening adverse events have been reported following immunization with COVID vaccines, through case reports, case series, observational studies, randomized clinical trials, and further recommendations and consensus position papers regarding vaccination. In this systematic review, we categorized these results in detail into five elaborate tables, making what we believe to be an extensively informative, unprecedented set of data on this topic. Based on our findings, in the viewpoint of the pros and cons of vaccination, mucocutaneous adverse events were mostly non‐significant, self‐limiting reactions, and for the more uncommon moderate to severe reactions, guidelines and consensus position papers could be of great importance to provide those at higher risks and those with specific worries of flare‐ups or inefficient immunization, with sufficient recommendations to safely schedule their vaccine doses, or avoid vaccination if they have the discussed contra‐indications.

Loneliness has been defined as an agonizing encounter, experienced when the need for human intimacy is not met adequately, or when a person’s social network does not match their preference, either in number or attributes. This definition helps us realize that the cause of loneliness is not merely being alone, but rather not being in the company we desire. With loneliness being introduced as a measurable, distinct psychological experience, it has been found to be associated with poor health behaviors, heightened stress response, and inadequate physiological repairing activity. With these three major pathways of pathogenesis, loneliness can do much harm; as it impacts both immune and metabolic regulation, altering the levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, acute-phase reactants, chemokines, immunoglobulins, antibody response against viruses and vaccines, and immune cell activity; and affecting stress circuitry, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, body composition, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular function, cognitive function and mental health, respectively. Taken together, there are too many immunologic and metabolic manifestations associated with the construct of loneliness, and with previous literature showcasing loneliness as a distinct psychological experience and a health determinant, we propose that loneliness, in and of itself, is not just a psychosocial phenomenon. It is also an all-encompassing complex of systemic alterations that occur with it, expanding it into a syndrome of events, linked through a shared network of immunometabolic pathology. This review aims to portray a detailed picture of loneliness as an “immunometabolic syndrome”, with its multifaceted pathology.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, endemic in central and west African regions, and has re-emerged, currently causing an outbreak as of May 2022. In this systematic review, we aimed to characterize the current face of the disease, with a detailed categorization of mucocutaneous, as well as systemic symptoms of the disease. We searched four main online databases with the keywords "monkeypox" and "Orthopoxvirus". A total of 46 articles were included, with a cumulative number of 1984 confirmed cases. Patients were predominantly men who have sex with men, who were mostly in their 30s, with a history of unprotected sexual contact or international travel. Among mucocutaneous manifestations, anogenital lesions were the most commonly observed, followed by lesions on the limbs, face, trunk, and palms or soles. Among lesion types, vesiculopustular, pustular or pseudo-pustular, vesicular-umbilicated and papular lesions were the most common, mainly presenting asynchronously, with less than 10 lesions on each patient. Almost all patients also reported systemic manifestations, namely fever, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, myalgia, headaches, pharyngitis, and proctitis. Sexual contact is the main pathway of transmission in the current outbreak, with viral shedding in bodily fluids playing a key role. We've compared these idiosyncratic findings of the new outbreak with previous outbreaks. We've also gathered and categorized images from our included studies to make a "clinical atlas" for this "new" face of monkeypox, which can be of utmost importance for clinicians to be familiarized with, and have a clear picture of monkeypox for their differential diagnoses.

The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have led to social regulations that caused substantial changes in daily life. The subsequent loneliness and concerns of the pandemic during social distancing, quarantine, and lockdown are psychosocial stressors that negatively affect the immune system. These effects occur through mechanisms controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis that alter immune regulation, namely the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), which promotes inflammation and diminishes antiviral responses, leading to inadequate protection against viral disease. Unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity, sleep disturbances, and mental health consequences of COVID-19 add to the pathological effects of loneliness, making immunity against this lethal virus an even tougher fight. Therefore, social isolation, with its unintended consequences, has inherently paradoxical effects on immunity in relation to viral disease. Though this paradox can present a challenge, its acknowledgment can serve as an opportunity to address the associated issues and find ways to mitigate the adverse effects. In this review, we aim to explore, in detail, the pathological effects of the new social norms on immunity and present suggested methods to improve our physical, psychological, and healthcare abilities to fight a viral infection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.