A total of 179 garlic (Allium sativum L.) accessions were collected from various parts of Nepal in 2000. Each accession was planted in each of a plot of 2.25 m 2 at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) Horticulture farm (225 m asl) and at the Agriculture Research Station, Dailekh (

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Green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is the most effective polyphagous predator of different species of aphids and is commonly known as "aphid lion" . The experiment on feeding efficiency of green lacewing was studied in the laboratory of Entomology Division, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal from 21 st , December 2015 to 26 th , March 2016. The known number of predatory larva of green lacewings were fed with known number of seven different species of live aphid and frozen Corcyra eggs representing each treatment. The treatments were replicated four times. The predatory efficiency was calculated by counting the number of consumed host per day. The result revealed that the predatory efficiency of C. carnea larvae were increased from first to third instar and third instar were more voracious as compare to first two instars. It consumed significantly the highest rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica followed by Aphis craccivora and others aphid species, respectively. From this experiment, it is evident that the green lacewing is potent bio-agent against different aphid species and hence further research is required simultaneously in the farmer's field conditions.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most damaging pests to tomato production in the USA and worldwide, with yield losses ranging from 25 to 100%. Host resistance conferred by the Mi gene in tomato is effective against some species of RKN (e.g. M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria); however, there are virulent species and lines including M. hapla and M. eterolobii that break Mimediated resistance. Plant innate immunity is another possible form of defense against pathogen attack and is known to be induced by chemical elicitors. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one such chemical elicitor that regulates plant defense responses to multiple biotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the role of NAD in the context of induced tomato innate immunity and RKN pathogenicity in two tomato cultivars; VFN and Rutgers, with and without Mi, respectively. Single soil drench application of NAD 24 hr before nematode inoculation significantly induced defense response pathways, reduced infective-juveniles penetration, number of galls, and increased plant mass in both cultivars. Importantly, we observed no direct toxic effects of NAD on nematode viability and infectivity. The results presented here suggest that NAD induces resistance against RKN pathogenicity likely through the accumulation of tomato basal defense responses rather than the direct effect on the infectivejuveniles behavior.