Rationing of nursing care is a widespread and growing phenomenon whose causes are multifaceted and whose consequences are serious. Nursing rationing is defined as withholding or failing to perform necessary nursing tasks due to insufficient time, staffing, and/or inadequate skills. Nursing rationing is also defined as omission, delay, or failure to complete, which qualifies as an error of omission. Unfinished nursing care has many negative consequences for patients, nurses, and organizations. The presented series of three papers aims to show many important aspects related to care rationing. This first part of the series of rationing of nursing care phenomenon will address definitions and concepts of rationing of nursing care, rationing of nursing care in the context of health care rationing, rationing of care versus omission of care or medical error, methods for assessing the rationing and the quality of nursing care, and main reasons for rationing of nursing care.

Rationing of nursing care is a widespread and growing phenomenon whose causes are multifaceted and whose consequences are serious. Nursing rationing is defined as withholding or failing to perform necessary nursing tasks due to insufficient time, staffing, and/or inadequate skills. Nursing rationing is also defined as omission, delay, failure to complete, which qualifies as an error of omission. Unfinished nursing care has many negative consequences for patients, nurses and organizations. The presented series of three papers aims to show many important aspects related to rationing of care. This third part of the series of rationing of nursing care phenomenon will address the important issues from the point of view of care rationing, such as nurses' job satisfaction, nursing staff life satisfaction, nursing staff burnout, and nursing staff life orientation.

Rationing of nursing care is a widespread and growing phenomenon whose causes are multifaceted and whose consequences are serious. Nursing rationing is defined as withholding or failing to perform necessary nursing tasks due to insufficient time, staffing, and/or inadequate skills. Nursing rationing is also defined as omission, delay, failure to complete, which qualifies as an error of omission. Unfinished nursing care has many negative consequences for patients, nurses and organizations. The presented series of three papers aims to show many important aspects related to rationing of care. This second part of the series of rationing of nursing care phenomenon will address the nursing shortages and demand for nursing care, nursing staffing rates and government policy, the effects of inadequate nursing care on patients and nursing staff, and the economic and social effects of inadequate nursing care.

Despite modern therapeutic solutions, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma do not achieve therapeutic benefits due to emerging obstacles to compliance. This review aimed to present and analyze the results of available studies evaluating the influence of sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors on the level of adherence of patients with COPD and asthma. This narrative review was based on papers indexed in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. The analyzed studies showed that the adherence level of patients with COPD and asthma is unsatisfactory, ranging from 23.6 to 80%. The main factors increasing the level of adherence of COPD patients mentioned in the analyzed studies were: unemployment, taking LAMA, not smoking cigarettes, belief that medication is necessary, higher education, use of multi-dose DPI and MDI inhalers, a greater sense of self-efficacy, and longer duration of disease. Independent determinants of good adherence of patients with asthma were better quality of life, high level of disease control, treatment with ICS + LABA or FF/UMEC/VI, good knowledge about asthma, and positive attitude towards the disease. According to available studies, determinants lowering adherence among patients with COPD were overweight or obesity, depression, poor quality of life, belief that treatment is harmful, frequent hospitalizations, lack of knowledge about the disease and treatment, sleep disorders, and use of ICS, LABA/ICS. Patients with asthma who received infrequent functional support consumed alcohol and were convinced of the harm and lack of need for treatment were non-adherent. In addition, an association was shown between high levels of adherence and a reduction in ED visits and hospitalizations in asthma and COPD patients.