St(+)-Ipalbidine. [a]~+-.54.1° (c= 1, ethanol) as hydrobromide, was synthesized from natural (Stproline with retention of configuration. The hldrobromide of the synthetic product was identical in all respects with that of the OptiC3lly active natural ipalbidine isolated from the Chinese species Tpomoea fiordwickii Hemsl.Hua Tuo Dou (follow the name of an ancient famous Chinese surg-.on Hua Tuo) are the seeds of Ipomoea hardwickii Hemsl, and have been used in the folk medicine of South China as an analgesic for years, It was interesting that the ipalbidine(1)' isolated therefrom appeared optically active, in contrast to the racemic form from ljmmmz species indigenous to other parts of the world.2h So far, (itipalbidine has been synthesized -by six groups' and resolved to (ftipalbidine, which was used furthsr for the synthesis of naturally occurring (+)-ipalbine (21.93We haw synthesized (Sj(+)-ipaltidine from the optically active natural (S)-proline 3 by reaction illustrated in Scheme 1 with retention of configuration. Scheme 1H 3

We have analyzed gene expression in various brain regions of humans and chimpanzees. Within both human and chimpanzee individuals, the transcriptomes of the cerebral cortex are very similar to each other and differ more between individuals than among regions within an individual. In contrast, the transcriptomes of the cerebral cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum differ substantially from each other. Between humans and chimpanzees, 10% of genes differ in their expression in at least one region of the brain. The majority of these expression differences are shared among all brain regions. Whereas genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction and cell differentiation differ significantly between brain regions within individuals, no such pattern is seen between the species. However, a subset of genes that show expression differences between humans and chimpanzees are distributed nonrandomly across the genome. Furthermore, genes that show an elevated expression level in humans are statistically significantly enriched in regions that are recently duplicated in humans.

No abstract

Background: Genome-wide expression, sequence and association studies typically yield large sets of gene candidates, which must then be further analysed and interpreted. Information about these genes is increasingly being captured and organized in ontologies, such as the Gene Ontology. Relationships between the gene sets identified by experimental methods and biological knowledge can be made explicit and used in the interpretation of results. However, it is often difficult to assess the statistical significance of such analyses since many inter-dependent categories are tested simultaneously.