Our objectives were to better define the rates and determinants of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after hip fracture. We studied a population-based cohort of 3981 hip fracture patients. Using multivariable regression methods, we identified risk factors for mortality (older age, male sex, long-term care residence, 10 prefracture co-morbidities) and calculated a hip fracture-specific score that could accurately predict or risk-adjust in-hospital and 1-year mortality. Our methods, after further validation, may be useful for comparing outcomes across hospitals or regions.Introduction: Hip fractures in the elderly are common and associated with significant mortality and variations in outcome. The rates and determinants of mortality after hip fracture are not well defined. Our objectives were (1) to define the rate of in-hospital and 1-year mortality in hip fracture patients, (2) to describe comorbidities at the time of fracture, and (3) to develop and validate a multivariable risk-adjustment model for mortality. Materials and Methods:We studied a population-based cohort of 3981 hip fracture patients Ն60 years of age admitted to hospitals in a large Canadian health region from 1994 to 2000. We collected sociodemographic and prefracture co-morbidity data. Main outcomes were in-hospital and 1-year mortality. We used multivariable regression methods to first derive a risk-adjustment model for mortality in 2187 patients treated at one hospital and then validated it in 1794 patients treated at another hospital. These models were used to calculate a score that could predict or risk-adjust in-hospital and 1-year mortality after hip fracture. Results and Conclusions:The median age of the cohort was 82 years, 71% were female, and 26% had more than four prefracture co-morbidities. In-hospital mortality was 6.3%; 10.2% for men and 4.7% for women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). Mortality at 1 year was 30.8%; 37.5% for men and 28.2% for women (adjusted p < 0.001). Older age, male sex, long-term care residence, and 10 different co-morbidities were independently associated with mortality. Risk-adjustment models based on these variables had excellent accuracy for predicting mortality in-hospital (c-statistic ‫ס‬ 0.82) and at 1 year (c-statistic ‫ס‬ 0.74). We conclude that 1 in 15 elderly patients with hip fracture will die during hospitalization, and almost one-third of those who survive to discharge will die within the year. The determinants of mortality were primarily older age, male sex, and prefracture co-morbidities. Our hip fracture-specific risk-adjustment tool is pragmatic and reliable, and after further validation, may be useful for comparing outcomes across different hospitals or regions.

The timing of surgical fixation of hip fracture was not associated with early mortality in carefully adjusted analyses, and the use of "surgery within 24 hours" as a measure of high quality care may be inappropriate.

The CPGTs significantly improved standardization, efficiency, and efficacy of cancer pain therapy in China. In a country where clinical pharmacy is still developing, this is a valuable service model that may enhance cancer treatment capacity and efficacy while promoting recognition of the clinical pharmacy profession.

Optogenetic technology, also known as optogenetics, is a novel multidisciplinary field in biotechnology that integrates genetic engineering, electrophysiology, and optical and electronic engineering. This recently developed technology has evolved rapidly and generated considerable excitement in neuroscience research. This technology successfully solves the severe problem of achieving both high temporal and spatial precision within intact neural tissues of animals that electrical stimulation and pharmacological methods cannot achieve. It allows neurons to express light-sensitive genes that enable the identification, dissection, and manipulation of specific neural populations and their connections in the tissues and organs of awake animals with unprecedented spatial and temporal precision. Light-sensitive genes chiefly including the genetically targeted light-gated channels channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR) cause intracellular ion flow during optical illumination. Subsequently, the neurons undergo a series of changes resulting from membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization. To date, there are many published research articles and reviews that describe this new technology; however, few of the reports concern its application to neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent optogenetic research in these diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, schizophrenia, anxiety, fear, reward behaviors, and sleep disorders. We propose that novel optogenetics technology creates excellent opportunities for innovative treatment strategies of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Hantavirus infection is a global health challenge, causing widespread public concern. In recent years, cases of hantavirus infection in pregnant women have been reported in many countries. The infected pregnant women and their fetuses appear to have more severe clinical symptoms and worse clinical outcomes. Hence, to study the prevalence of hantavirus infection in pregnant women, this study will focus on the epidemiological distribution of the virus, different virus species penetrating the placental barrier, and factors affecting the incidence and clinical outcome of the infection in pregnant women and their fetuses. In addition, this review will also discuss the diagnostic tools and treatments for pregnant patients and provide an overview of the relevant future research.